In frictionless markets, arms' length trade in goods will arbitrageawa translation - In frictionless markets, arms' length trade in goods will arbitrageawa Indonesian how to say

In frictionless markets, arms' leng

In frictionless markets, arms' length trade in goods will arbitrage
away price differentials across countries, such that the absolute law
of one price (LOOP) holds. As a result, two approaches have been
used to measure market segmentation: One approach infers the degree
of segmentation from the volume of bilateral trade flows,1 the
other deduces segmentation from the deviations from LOOP.2 The
two approaches developed largely independently, and both conclude
that international goods markets are highly segmented.
This paper connects trade flows to deviations from LOOP in a
structural model of trade and retailing. My objective is to account
for the observed cross-country dispersion in prices of goods by focusing
on two commonly cited sources of goods market segmentation —
(i) international trade costs or barriers to trade and (ii) non-traded
input costs of distributing and retailing goods within local markets.
Most empirical work focusing on measuring deviations from LOOP
is limited by the use of price index data, or of prices of a very narrow
set of individual goods. Much of the empirical evidence, therefore,
concerns the volatility and persistence of changes in relative prices, although
the first-order restrictions from theory are on absolute LOOP
deviations. Crucini et al. (2005), however, compile local-currency retail
prices on a large cross-section of goods across 13 European
Union (EU) countries to study cross-country price dispersion.3
Using this same data set, I account for two moments of the distribution
of cross-country dispersion in prices of goods: (i) average
price dispersion across goods, which is about 28%, and (ii) the variation
in price dispersion across goods, which ranges from a minimum
of 2% to a maximum of 83%. The first moment provides a measure of
market segmentation for a basket of a large variety of goods. The second
moment tells us if, within the basket, markets are more segmented
for some goods than others.
I develop a model of trade and retailing by incorporating local
costs of distribution in the multi-country Ricardian model of trade
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In frictionless markets, arms' length trade in goods will arbitrageaway price differentials across countries, such that the absolute lawof one price (LOOP) holds. As a result, two approaches have beenused to measure market segmentation: One approach infers the degreeof segmentation from the volume of bilateral trade flows,1 theother deduces segmentation from the deviations from LOOP.2 Thetwo approaches developed largely independently, and both concludethat international goods markets are highly segmented.This paper connects trade flows to deviations from LOOP in astructural model of trade and retailing. My objective is to accountfor the observed cross-country dispersion in prices of goods by focusingon two commonly cited sources of goods market segmentation —(i) international trade costs or barriers to trade and (ii) non-tradedinput costs of distributing and retailing goods within local markets.Most empirical work focusing on measuring deviations from LOOPis limited by the use of price index data, or of prices of a very narrowset of individual goods. Much of the empirical evidence, therefore,concerns the volatility and persistence of changes in relative prices, althoughthe first-order restrictions from theory are on absolute LOOPdeviations. Crucini et al. (2005), however, compile local-currency retailprices on a large cross-section of goods across 13 EuropeanUnion (EU) countries to study cross-country price dispersion.3Using this same data set, I account for two moments of the distributionof cross-country dispersion in prices of goods: (i) averageprice dispersion across goods, which is about 28%, and (ii) the variationin price dispersion across goods, which ranges from a minimumof 2% to a maximum of 83%. The first moment provides a measure ofmarket segmentation for a basket of a large variety of goods. The secondmoment tells us if, within the basket, markets are more segmentedfor some goods than others.I develop a model of trade and retailing by incorporating localcosts of distribution in the multi-country Ricardian model of trade
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Di pasar gesekan, lengan 'trade panjang barang akan arbitrase
jauh perbedaan harga di negara-negara, sehingga hukum mutlak
dari satu harga (LOOP) memegang. Akibatnya, dua pendekatan telah
digunakan untuk mengukur segmentasi pasar: Salah satu pendekatan menyimpulkan tingkat
segmentasi dari volume arus perdagangan bilateral, 1 yang
menyimpulkan lainnya segmentasi dari penyimpangan dari LOOP.2 The
dua pendekatan yang dikembangkan secara independen, dan kedua menyimpulkan
bahwa pasar barang internasional sangat tersegmentasi.
makalah ini menghubungkan arus perdagangan untuk penyimpangan dari LOOP dalam
model struktural perdagangan dan ritel. Tujuan saya adalah untuk memperhitungkan
untuk dispersi lintas negara yang diamati dalam harga barang dengan berfokus
pada dua sumber sering dikutip dari segmentasi pasar barang -
(i) biaya perdagangan internasional atau hambatan perdagangan dan (ii) non-diperdagangkan
biaya input mendistribusikan dan barang ritel dalam pasar lokal.
pekerjaan Kebanyakan empiris berfokus pada mengukur penyimpangan dari LOOP
dibatasi oleh penggunaan data indeks harga, atau harga yang sangat sempit
set barang individu. Banyak bukti empiris, oleh karena itu,
menyangkut volatilitas dan ketekunan dari perubahan harga relatif, meskipun
pembatasan orde pertama dari teori yang LOOP mutlak
penyimpangan. Crucini et al. (2005), namun, kompilasi ritel mata uang lokal
harga pada penampang besar barang di 13 Eropa
Uni negara (EU) untuk mempelajari lintas negara dispersion.3 harga
Menggunakan kumpulan data yang sama ini, saya menjelaskan dua momen dari distribusi
dispersi lintas negara di harga barang: (i) rata-rata
harga dispersi di barang, yaitu sekitar 28%, dan (ii) variasi
harga dispersi di barang, yang berkisar dari minimal
dari 2% sampai maksimal 83%. Saat pertama memberikan ukuran
segmentasi pasar untuk keranjang berbagai macam barang. Kedua
saat memberitahu kita jika, dalam keranjang, pasar lebih tersegmentasi
untuk beberapa barang daripada yang lain.
Saya mengembangkan model perdagangan dan ritel dengan memasukkan lokal
biaya distribusi dalam model Ricardian multi-negara perdagangan
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