One theory that supports a structural model is that of Billingham (1990), who proposed that criminality among elites may be part of ‘‘doing business as usual.’’ As previously noted, the potential for the deviant behavior of insider trading has been found to have its roots in business schools, where students are more materialistically minded, particularly in U.S. universities (Billingham, 1990). A code of ethics does not necessarily prevent unethical behavior within organizations but, as Cressey and Moore (1980) concluded, ‘‘[a] demonstration of deeds, not nice words, is necessary to correct unethical corporate behavior’’ (Clinard and Yeager, 1980:302). Corporations rarely make apologies for their bad behavior, except when pushed to do so for public relations purposes