Results from studies evaluating cannabis pharmacotherapy for pain demonstrate the complex effects ofcannabis-related analgesia. There are multiple randomized, controlled clinical trials that show cannabis as aneffective pharmacotherapy for pain.68 However, furtherexamination of pre-clinical studies of cannabis in painmodels underscores the nuances of cannabis’ analgesiceffects. THC has been shown to produce analgesic andantihyperalgesic effects in animal models,69,70 and experimental research examining the effects of cannabison human pain responding has focused either onhealthy adults or clinical pain samples. For example,Wallace et al. tested the effects of smoked cannabis(low, medium, or high doses vs. inactive placebo) onintradermal capsaicin-induced pain responses using arandomized, double-blind, crossover trial in 15 healthyvolunteers (mean age of 28.9; 58% male).71 Results indicated a significant decrease in pain with the mediumcannabis dose and a significant increase in pain withthe high dose. No differences were observed with thelow cannabis dose, and there was no effect on thearea of hyperalgesia at any dose. The authors concluded that there is likely a therapeutic window ofmodest analgesia for smoked cannabis.