CHAPTER IIIRESEARCH METHOD3.1  Research Design  This research will be  translation - CHAPTER IIIRESEARCH METHOD3.1  Research Design  This research will be  Indonesian how to say

CHAPTER IIIRESEARCH METHOD3.1 Rese

CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHOD

3.1 Research Design
This research will be conducted by applying experimental design. It means that in conducting the experimental research, the subjects are divided into two groups, namely experimental group and control group, and at least two variables, namely Dependent Variables and Independent Variables. The experimental group is the group, which is given the treatment by using flashcards, while the control group is given the conventional way. According to Gay (1981:260) the experimental is powerful research method that, unlike the correctional and causal-cooperative method, can be used to establish cause and effect relationship between two or more variable. The test will be conducted into sessions, those are The Pre-test and Post-test with similar number of items. The design of this study is as follows:
Table 3.1
Research Design
Group Types Treatment Types
Experimental X √ X2
Control Y - Y2

Where :

X : Pre-test of the experimental group
Y : Pre-test of the control group
X2 : Post-test of the experimental group
Y2 : Post-test of the control group
√ : Teaching vocabulary by using flashcards
- : Teaching vocabulary without using flashcards

3.2 Population and Sample
The population of this research is the seventh grade students of the SMP Nur Cahaya located on Jl. Cempaka Raya, Medan-Selayang, which consisted of two parallel classes.
The sample of the research is taken by total sampling techingque. The sample is totally taken from the two parallel classes. The total sample was 60 students that belonged into two classes of 30 students. One class is as the control group, and the other class is as the exprimental group.

3.3 The Instrumental for Collecting Data
The data will be collected by using vocabulary test, consisting of 30 multiple-choice items. The students are require to answer each question. Grondlund (1982:39), states that the multiple-choice items can be used to measure both knowledge outcomes and various types of intellectual skills. Teacher give a multiple-choice test to make easy to correct the students' answer and it spent a little time to have this test because the students only circle or crosse only one answer that they thought right.

3.4 Scoring of the Test
The scores of the test were calculate by applying the formula:
S = R/N X100
Where:
S = score of the test
R = number of correct answers
N = number of questions
3.5 Procedure of Data Colletion
The test will be carried in SMP Nurcahaya Medan. The test is administered both before and after the treatment complete.

3.5.1 Pre-test
Pre-test is administere to the students both experimental and control group. The kind of the test that the writer gave was the multiple-choice test. This test was given before giving treatment. The test is aim to find homogenous competence of the samples, both experimental and control group.

3.5.2 Treatment
After giving the pre-test, the students are given the treatment. The experimental group was taught by using flashcards in teaching vocabulary while the control group is taught by using conventional procedure, without treatment.

3.5.2.1 Experimental Group Activities
Teacher Students
Pre-research. The teacher prepare all the materials and tests that where going to be apply
Pre-test
Step I :
Teacher introduce the flashcards
Teacher present some example of flashcards
Students concentrate to the teacher’s explanation
Students pay attention to the teacher’s presentation
Step II :
Teacher explain the topic by giving vocabularies about body and face
Teacher use flashcards to answer the difficult words, one side of flashcards she put a picture that related to the meaning of words, and then flashcards that is the English word
Students pay attention to the lesson
Students answer the teacher’s question orally
Step III :
Teacher ask the students to write on the piece of paper the difficult words
Teacher ask the students to memorize them, then after that she only show the pictures/ flashcards to the students and the students guess the meaning or name of the picture in English
Teacher give exercises about the meaning of some words that relate to the topic.
Students do the teacher instruction
Students memorize it, and follow the teacher’s intruction.
Post-test


3.5.2.2 Control Group Activities
Teacher Students
Pre-research. The teacher prepare all the materials and tests that where going to be apply
Pre-test
Teacher ask students to write all parts of body and face
Teacher ask some students to read and pronounce each word one by one
Teacher tell the meaning of words then ask students to memorize it Students write the difficult words on their books
Students did the teacher's instruction

Students memorize all the words
Post-test

3.5.2.3 Post-test
After having the treatment, the post-test is given to the students. The post-test is administer after the treatment is complete. Post-test is also given to both the control and experimental group. The administration of the post-¬test is meant to find out the difference in scores of both control and experimental group before and after the treatment.

3.6 Validity and Reliability of the Test
3.6.1 Validity of the Test
According to Ary (1979: 196), said that validity is the extent to which an instrument measures what one thing is measuring. Moreover, Wiersma (1991: 276), states that validity is the extent to which an instrument measures what it is supposed to measure.
Simply state, validity of measurement deals with question. "Does the instrument measure the characteristics, trait, or whateyer for which it was intended?"
Validity consists of various types. The validity that was used in this study is content validity. According to Ary (1979: 197), content validity is the extent to which the instrument represents the content of interest. As Gronlund in Berlin (2005:8), states, that content validity is important in achievement test.
To establish the validity of the test in term of content, a table of specification was construct.
Table 3.2 Table Specifiction of Vocabulary Mastery Test
Curriculum
Content
Behavioral
Objectives Body and Face Put on your cap, please Home sweet
home Total
Recognition 4 6 4 1
Production 7 4 5 16
Total 11 10 9 30

Reliability of the Test
Reliability of a measuring instrument is the degree of consistency with which it measures whatever it is measuring (Ary, 1979:206). An instrument will give similar results to the same individuals at different times to the degree. Reliability is concern with how consistently we are measuring whatever we are measuring. Therefore, if the score of the students are consistent, the test is consider reliable.
Several procedures can be used to estimate reliability. All of them have a computational formula that procedures reliability coefficient. This study employs the Kuder-Richardson formula 21. It is well known as KR 21 formula.
〖KR〗_21=K/(K-1) [1-(M(k-M))/(K.S^2 )]
Where :
KR21 = Coefficient Reliability
K = the number of item in the test
S^2 = the mean of the test score

Hughes (2003:38) states that the ideal reliability coefficient is one(1).The reliability of the test can be categorize as the following
0.00 – 0.20 = the reliability is very low
0.21 – 0.40 = the reliability is low
0.41 – 0.60 = the reliability is fair
0.61 – 0.80 = the reliability is high
0.81 – above = the reliability is very high

Before using Kuder Richardson 21 formula, in order to get the reability of the test, the mean and standart deviation should be counted firstly. The formula that used for computing the mean is :
M=∑▒X/N
And then we can use standart deviation :
S=√((∑▒X^2 )/(n-1))
Where :
M = mean
x2 = the sum of the scores
n = number of the scores

3.7 Technique of Data Analysis
The data that will be collect by administering the pre-test and post-test and post-test were statistically analyze by applying the t-test formula. The use this formula is aimed to find out the difference of the result of the conducted pre and post-test in both control and experimental group, before and after the treatment.
t=(Me-Mc)/√(((〖de〗^2+〖dc〗^2)/(ne+nc-2))(1/ne+1/nc) )
Where :
Me = the sum in experimental group
Mc = the sum of squared scores in control group
del = the sum of squared scores in experimental group
dc2 = the number of sample in control group
ne = the number of sample in experimental group
nc = the number of sample in control group








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CHAPTER IIIRESEARCH METHOD3.1 Research Design This research will be conducted by applying experimental design. It means that in conducting the experimental research, the subjects are divided into two groups, namely experimental group and control group, and at least two variables, namely Dependent Variables and Independent Variables. The experimental group is the group, which is given the treatment by using flashcards, while the control group is given the conventional way. According to Gay (1981:260) the experimental is powerful research method that, unlike the correctional and causal-cooperative method, can be used to establish cause and effect relationship between two or more variable. The test will be conducted into sessions, those are The Pre-test and Post-test with similar number of items. The design of this study is as follows:Table 3.1Research Design Group Types Treatment TypesExperimental X √ X2Control Y - Y2Where :X : Pre-test of the experimental groupY : Pre-test of the control groupX2 : Post-test of the experimental groupY2 : Post-test of the control group√ : Teaching vocabulary by using flashcards- : Teaching vocabulary without using flashcards 3.2 Population and Sample The population of this research is the seventh grade students of the SMP Nur Cahaya located on Jl. Cempaka Raya, Medan-Selayang, which consisted of two parallel classes. The sample of the research is taken by total sampling techingque. The sample is totally taken from the two parallel classes. The total sample was 60 students that belonged into two classes of 30 students. One class is as the control group, and the other class is as the exprimental group. 3.3 The Instrumental for Collecting Data The data will be collected by using vocabulary test, consisting of 30 multiple-choice items. The students are require to answer each question. Grondlund (1982:39), states that the multiple-choice items can be used to measure both knowledge outcomes and various types of intellectual skills. Teacher give a multiple-choice test to make easy to correct the students' answer and it spent a little time to have this test because the students only circle or crosse only one answer that they thought right.3.4 Scoring of the TestThe scores of the test were calculate by applying the formula:S = R/N X100Where:S = score of the testR = number of correct answers N = number of questions3.5 Procedure of Data ColletionThe test will be carried in SMP Nurcahaya Medan. The test is administered both before and after the treatment complete.3.5.1 Pre-testPre-test is administere to the students both experimental and control group. The kind of the test that the writer gave was the multiple-choice test. This test was given before giving treatment. The test is aim to find homogenous competence of the samples, both experimental and control group.3.5.2 TreatmentAfter giving the pre-test, the students are given the treatment. The experimental group was taught by using flashcards in teaching vocabulary while the control group is taught by using conventional procedure, without treatment. 3.5.2.1 Experimental Group ActivitiesTeacher StudentsPre-research. The teacher prepare all the materials and tests that where going to be apply Pre-testStep I : Teacher introduce the flashcards Teacher present some example of flashcards Students concentrate to the teacher’s explanation Students pay attention to the teacher’s presentation Step II : Teacher explain the topic by giving vocabularies about body and face Teacher use flashcards to answer the difficult words, one side of flashcards she put a picture that related to the meaning of words, and then flashcards that is the English word Students pay attention to the lesson Students answer the teacher’s question orallyStep III : Teacher ask the students to write on the piece of paper the difficult words Teacher ask the students to memorize them, then after that she only show the pictures/ flashcards to the students and the students guess the meaning or name of the picture in English Teacher give exercises about the meaning of some words that relate to the topic. Students do the teacher instruction Students memorize it, and follow the teacher’s intruction.Post-test 3.5.2.2 Control Group ActivitiesTeacher StudentsPre-research. The teacher prepare all the materials and tests that where going to be apply Pre-test Teacher ask students to write all parts of body and face Teacher ask some students to read and pronounce each word one by one Teacher tell the meaning of words then ask students to memorize it Students write the difficult words on their books Students did the teacher's instruction Students memorize all the wordsPost-test3.5.2.3 Post-testAfter having the treatment, the post-test is given to the students. The post-test is administer after the treatment is complete. Post-test is also given to both the control and experimental group. The administration of the post-¬test is meant to find out the difference in scores of both control and experimental group before and after the treatment.3.6 Validity and Reliability of the Test3.6.1 Validity of the TestAccording to Ary (1979: 196), said that validity is the extent to which an instrument measures what one thing is measuring. Moreover, Wiersma (1991: 276), states that validity is the extent to which an instrument measures what it is supposed to measure.Simply state, validity of measurement deals with question. "Does the instrument measure the characteristics, trait, or whateyer for which it was intended?"Validity consists of various types. The validity that was used in this study is content validity. According to Ary (1979: 197), content validity is the extent to which the instrument represents the content of interest. As Gronlund in Berlin (2005:8), states, that content validity is important in achievement test.To establish the validity of the test in term of content, a table of specification was construct.Table 3.2 Table Specifiction of Vocabulary Mastery TestCurriculum Content BehavioralObjectives Body and Face Put on your cap, please Home sweethome TotalRecognition 4 6 4 1Production 7 4 5 16Total 11 10 9 30 Reliability of the TestReliability of a measuring instrument is the degree of consistency with which it measures whatever it is measuring (Ary, 1979:206). An instrument will give similar results to the same individuals at different times to the degree. Reliability is concern with how consistently we are measuring whatever we are measuring. Therefore, if the score of the students are consistent, the test is consider reliable.Several procedures can be used to estimate reliability. All of them have a computational formula that procedures reliability coefficient. This study employs the Kuder-Richardson formula 21. It is well known as KR 21 formula.〖KR〗_21=K/(K-1) [1-(M(k-M))/(K.S^2 )]Where : KR21 = Coefficient ReliabilityK = the number of item in the testS^2 = the mean of the test score Hughes (2003:38) states that the ideal reliability coefficient is one(1).The reliability of the test can be categorize as the following 0.00 – 0.20 = the reliability is very low 0.21 – 0.40 = the reliability is low 0.41 – 0.60 = the reliability is fair 0.61 – 0.80 = the reliability is high 0.81 – above = the reliability is very highBefore using Kuder Richardson 21 formula, in order to get the reability of the test, the mean and standart deviation should be counted firstly. The formula that used for computing the mean is : M=∑▒X/N And then we can use standart deviation : S=√((∑▒X^2 )/(n-1))Where : M = meanx2 = the sum of the scoresn = number of the scores 3.7 Technique of Data AnalysisThe data that will be collect by administering the pre-test and post-test and post-test were statistically analyze by applying the t-test formula. The use this formula is aimed to find out the difference of the result of the conducted pre and post-test in both control and experimental group, before and after the treatment.t=(Me-Mc)/√(((〖de〗^2+〖dc〗^2)/(ne+nc-2))(1/ne+1/nc) )Where : Me = the sum in experimental groupMc = the sum of squared scores in control groupdel = the sum of squared scores in experimental groupdc2 = the number of sample in control groupne = the number of sample in experimental groupnc = the number of sample in control group
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BAB III
METODE PENELITIAN 3.1 Desain Penelitian Penelitian ini akan dilakukan dengan menerapkan desain eksperimental. Ini berarti bahwa dalam melakukan penelitian eksperimental, subyek dibagi menjadi dua kelompok, yaitu kelompok eksperimen dan kelompok kontrol, dan setidaknya dua variabel, yaitu Variabel Dependent dan Variabel Independen. Kelompok eksperimen adalah kelompok yang diberi perlakuan dengan menggunakan flashcards, sedangkan kelompok kontrol diberikan dengan cara konvensional. Menurut Gay (1981: 260) eksperimental adalah metode penelitian yang kuat, tidak seperti metode pemasyarakatan dan kausal-koperasi, dapat digunakan untuk membangun hubungan sebab dan akibat antara dua atau lebih variabel. Tes akan dilakukan dalam sesi, yaitu Pra-test dan Post-test dengan jumlah yang sama item. Desain penelitian ini adalah sebagai berikut: Tabel 3.1 Desain Penelitian Jenis Kelompok Jenis Pengobatan Eksperimental X √ X2 Pengendalian Y - Y2 Dimana: X: Pre-test dari kelompok eksperimen Y: Pre-test dari kelompok kontrol X2: Post-test dari kelompok eksperimen Y2: Post-test dari kelompok kontrol √: Pengajaran kosakata dengan menggunakan flashcards -: Pengajaran kosakata tanpa menggunakan flashcards 3.2 Populasi dan Sampel Populasi penelitian ini adalah siswa kelas tujuh SMP Nur Cahaya yang berlokasi di Jl. Cempaka Raya, Medan Selayang-yang terdiri dari dua kelas paralel. Sampel penelitian diambil secara total sampling techingque. Sampel benar-benar diambil dari dua kelas paralel. Total sampel adalah 60 siswa milik menjadi dua kelas dari 30 siswa. Salah satu kelas sebagai kelompok kontrol, dan kelas lainnya adalah sebagai kelompok exprimental. 3.3 Instrumental untuk Pengumpulan Data Data yang akan dikumpulkan dengan menggunakan tes kosakata, yang terdiri dari 30 item pilihan ganda. Para siswa perlu menjawab setiap pertanyaan. Grondlund (1982: 39), menyatakan bahwa item pilihan ganda dapat digunakan untuk mengukur baik hasil pengetahuan dan berbagai jenis keterampilan intelektual. Guru memberikan tes pilihan ganda untuk membuat mudah untuk mengoreksi jawaban siswa dan menghabiskan sedikit waktu untuk melakukan tes ini karena siswa hanya lingkaran atau crosse satu jawaban yang mereka pikir benar. 3.4 Scoring Test Skor dari uji menghitung dengan menggunakan rumus: S = R / N X100 Dimana: S = skor tes R = jumlah jawaban yang benar N = jumlah pertanyaan 3.5 Prosedur Data Colletion Tes akan dilakukan di SMP Nurcahaya Medan. Tes ini diberikan baik sebelum dan setelah perawatan selesai. 3.5.1 Pre-test Pra-tes administere kepada siswa baik kelompok eksperimen dan kontrol. Jenis tes yang penulis berikan adalah tes pilihan ganda. Tes ini diberikan sebelum memberikan pengobatan. Tes ini bertujuan untuk menemukan kompetensi homogen dari sampel, baik kelompok eksperimen dan kontrol. 3.5.2 Pengobatan Setelah memberikan pre-test, siswa diberikan pengobatan. Kelompok eksperimen diajar dengan menggunakan flashcards dalam mengajar kosakata sedangkan kelompok kontrol diajarkan dengan menggunakan prosedur konvensional, tanpa pengobatan. 3.5.2.1 Eksperimental Kelompok Kegiatan Guru Siswa Pra-penelitian. Guru mempersiapkan semua bahan dan tes yang mana akan menerapkan Pre-test Langkah I: Guru memperkenalkan flashcards Guru menyajikan beberapa contoh flashcards Siswa berkonsentrasi penjelasan guru Siswa memperhatikan guru presentasi Langkah II: Guru menjelaskan topik dengan memberikan kosakata tentang tubuh dan wajah penggunaan Guru flashcards untuk menjawab kata-kata sulit, satu sisi flashcards dia memasang foto yang berkaitan dengan arti kata-kata, dan kemudian flashcards yang adalah kata bahasa Inggris Siswa memperhatikan pelajaran Siswa menjawab guru pertanyaan secara lisan Langkah III: Guru meminta siswa untuk menulis pada selembar kertas kata-kata yang sulit Guru meminta siswa untuk menghafal mereka, kemudian setelah itu ia hanya menampilkan gambar / flashcards kepada siswa dan siswa menebak arti atau nama gambar dalam bahasa Inggris Guru memberikan latihan tentang arti beberapa kata yang berhubungan dengan topik. Mahasiswa melakukan instruksi guru Siswa menghafalnya, dan ikuti intruksi guru. Post-test Control Group 3.5.2.2 Aktivitas Guru Siswa Pra-penelitian. Guru mempersiapkan semua bahan dan tes yang mana akan menerapkan Pre-test Guru meminta siswa untuk menulis semua bagian tubuh dan wajah Guru meminta beberapa siswa untuk membaca dan mengucapkan setiap kata satu per satu Guru memberitahu arti kata-kata kemudian meminta siswa menghafal itu Siswa menulis kata-kata yang sulit di buku mereka Siswa melakukan instruksi guru Siswa menghafal semua kata Post-test 3.5.2.3 Post-test Setelah perawatan, pasca-tes diberikan kepada siswa. The post-test yang mengelola setelah pengobatan selesai. Post-test juga diberikan untuk kedua kontrol dan kelompok eksperimen. Administrasi pasca-¬test dimaksudkan untuk mengetahui perbedaan nilai dari kedua kontrol dan eksperimen kelompok sebelum dan setelah perawatan. 3.6 Validitas dan Reliabilitas Uji 3.6.1 Validitas Uji Menurut Ary (1979: 196 ), mengatakan bahwa validitas adalah sejauh mana langkah-langkah instrumen apa satu hal yang mengukur. Selain itu, Wiersma (1991: 276), menyatakan bahwa validitas adalah sejauh mana langkah-langkah instrumen apa yang seharusnya diukur. Cukup negara, validitas penawaran pengukuran dengan pertanyaan. "Apakah instrumen mengukur karakteristik, sifat, atau whateyer untuk yang dimaksudkan?" Validitas terdiri dari berbagai jenis. Validitas yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah validitas isi. Menurut Ary (1979: 197), validitas isi adalah sejauh mana instrumen mewakili konten yang menarik. Seperti Gronlund di Berlin. (2005: 8), menyatakan, bahwa validitas isi penting dalam tes prestasi Untuk membangun validitas tes dalam hal konten, tabel spesifikasi adalah membangun. Tabel 3.2 Tabel specifiction Kosakata Penguasaan Uji Kurikulum Konten Perilaku Tujuan Tubuh dan Wajah Masukan ke topi Anda, silakan Home sweet rumah Jumlah Pengakuan 4 6 4 1 Produksi 7 4 5 16 Jumlah 11 10 9 30 Keandalan Uji Keandalan dari alat ukur adalah tingkat konsistensi dengan yang mengukur apa pun mengukur (Ary, 1979: 206). Instrumen akan memberikan hasil yang sama dengan individu yang sama pada waktu yang berbeda untuk gelar. Keandalan kekhawatiran dengan bagaimana secara konsisten kita mengukur apapun yang kita ukur. Oleh karena itu, jika skor siswa konsisten, tes ini menganggap diandalkan. Beberapa prosedur dapat digunakan untuk memperkirakan kehandalan. Semua dari mereka memiliki formula komputasi yang koefisien reliabilitas prosedur. Penelitian ini menggunakan rumus Kuder-Richardson 21. Hal ini juga dikenal sebagai KR 21 rumus. 〖KR〗 _21 = K / (K-1) [1- (M (kM)) / (KS ^ 2)] Dimana: KR21 = Koefisien Keandalan K = jumlah item dalam tes S ^ 2 = mean dari skor tes Hughes (2003: 38) menyatakan bahwa koefisien reliabilitas yang ideal adalah 1 (satu) .suatu keandalan tes dapat mengkategorikan sebagai berikut 0,00-0,20 = reliabilitas sangat rendah 0,21-0,40 = keandalan rendah 0,41-0,60 = keandalan adil 0,61-0,80 = keandalan tinggi 0,81 - di atas = reliabilitas sangat tinggi Sebelum menggunakan Kuder Richardson 21 rumus, dalam rangka untuk mendapatkan reabilitas tes, deviasi mean dan standart harus dihitung terlebih dahulu. Rumus yang digunakan untuk menghitung rata-rata adalah: M = Σ▒X / N Dan kemudian kita dapat menggunakan deviasi standart: S = √ ((Σ▒X ^ 2) / (n-1)) Dimana: M = berarti x2 = jumlah dari nilai n = jumlah skor 3,7 Teknik Analisis Data Data yang akan mengumpulkan dengan pemberian pre-test dan post-test dan post-test secara statistik menganalisis dengan menerapkan rumus t-test. Penggunaan formula ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbedaan hasil pra dilakukan dan post-test di kedua kontrol dan kelompok eksperimen, sebelum dan setelah perawatan. t = (Me-Mc) / √ (((〖de〗 ^ 2 + 〖dc〗 ​​^ 2) / (ne + nc-2)) (1 / ne + 1 / nc)) Dimana: Me = jumlah dalam kelompok eksperimen Mc = jumlah skor kuadrat dalam kelompok kontrol del = yang jumlah skor kuadrat dalam kelompok eksperimen DC2 = jumlah sampel di kelompok kontrol ne = jumlah sampel dalam kelompok eksperimen nc = jumlah sampel di kelompok kontrol










































































































































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