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As the philosopher Bernard Stiegler (2008) observes, the history of design is closely related to the history of modern industrialization. In the wake of World War II, the Western World shifted gears from a “first industrialization” that focused on production and aimed at overcoming scarcity, to a “second industrialization” that focused on the consumer and aimed at developing new markets. This second industrialization required the intervention of professional designers capable of rendering industrial products attractive, distinctive and original so as to lure consumers into purchasing them. As business strategy and production became obsessed with the coalescence of efficiency and differentiation, designers were brought in to combine “form and function” and give industrially produced objects the aesthetic veneer that would ensure their commercial success. According to Bernard Stiegler, the West is presently shifting towards a “third industrialization” that intends to overcome the producer-consumer divide and to set the stage for an “economy of contribution,” where all stakeholders in the production-consumption process become “participants.” As we move towards this new mode of production, the relevance and place of design is being reassessed as a central tool for the (re-)shaping of forms, the management of complex networks and the development of participatory processes. This trend is best illustrated in the field of management sciences, where a burgeoning literature is embracing the insight that “more widespread design thinking among organization leaders is desirable for the creation of a humanly satisfying and sustainable future” (Boland, 2004).
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