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Little conclusive evidence was found to support the use of onlandrather than in-furrow wheeling during ploughing, in terms ofits effect on soil structure and yields, provided that ploughing isperformed at or below field capacity, with tyre inflation pressuresat or below 80 kPa and in the absence of wheel-slip. There is,however, reason to be wary of using heavy tractors (>5 Mg), evenunder such conditions. Such tractors negatively affected topsoilstructure and yield levels in some cases, but their effect on subsoilproperties was probably slight in these trials. With regard toploughing depth in organic cropping systems dominated bycereals, the need to combat perennial weeds by deep ploughingweighs probably at least as heavily as any possible beneficial effectof shallow ploughing on stimulating nutrient turnover
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