Ataxia–telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and Ataxia–telangiectasiaand Rad3- translation - Ataxia–telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and Ataxia–telangiectasiaand Rad3- Vietnamese how to say

Ataxia–telangiectasia mutated (ATM)

Ataxia–telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and Ataxia–telangiectasia

and Rad3-related (ATR) are PI3K-like serine/threonine protein ki-
nases activated under genotoxic stress conditions and phosphorylate

various proteins involved in cell proliferation, cell death and survival,

and DNA repair [140,141]. These two signaling proteins were initially

thought to be activated by a particular type of DNA damage therefore

serving in parallel signaling pathways; however, accumulating evi-
dence suggests that the ATM- and ATR-pathways communicate and

cooperate in response to DNA damage [141]. ATM, preferentially acti-
vated by DNA double strand breaks, has been shown to serve as a sen-
sor of oxidative stress in which ATM-deficient cells were more

susceptible to oxidative stress-inducing agents as well as DNA dam-
aging agents [142]. However, it has recently been demonstrated

that the molecular mechanisms of the activation of ATM by DNA dam-
age and oxidative stress are different. Upon double strand DNA break

induction by agents such as bleomycin, cells recruit the Mre11–

Rad50–Nbs1 (MRN) complex to damaged sites together with ATM,

which in turn triggers autophosphorylation of ATM at Ser-1981 and

activates ATM protein kinase activity leading to phosphorylation of

downstream signaling proteins such as checkpoint kinase 2 (Chk2) at

Thr-68 and p53 at Ser-15 (Fig. 8).
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Ataxia–telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and Ataxia–telangiectasiaand Rad3-related (ATR) are PI3K-like serine/threonine protein ki-nases activated under genotoxic stress conditions and phosphorylatevarious proteins involved in cell proliferation, cell death and survival,and DNA repair [140,141]. These two signaling proteins were initiallythought to be activated by a particular type of DNA damage thereforeserving in parallel signaling pathways; however, accumulating evi-dence suggests that the ATM- and ATR-pathways communicate andcooperate in response to DNA damage [141]. ATM, preferentially acti-vated by DNA double strand breaks, has been shown to serve as a sen-sor of oxidative stress in which ATM-deficient cells were moresusceptible to oxidative stress-inducing agents as well as DNA dam-aging agents [142]. However, it has recently been demonstratedthat the molecular mechanisms of the activation of ATM by DNA dam-age and oxidative stress are different. Upon double strand DNA breakinduction by agents such as bleomycin, cells recruit the Mre11–Rad50–Nbs1 (MRN) complex to damaged sites together with ATM,which in turn triggers autophosphorylation of ATM at Ser-1981 andactivates ATM protein kinase activity leading to phosphorylation ofdownstream signaling proteins such as checkpoint kinase 2 (Chk2) atThr-68 and p53 at Ser-15 (Fig. 8).
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Results (Vietnamese) 2:[Copy]
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Mất điều hòa-telangiectasia biến đổi (ATM) và mất điều hòa-telangiectasia và Rad3 liên quan (ATR) là protein serine / threonine PI3K như ki- NASes kích hoạt trong điều kiện căng thẳng genotoxic và phosphorylate protein khác nhau có liên quan đến sự tăng sinh tế bào, tế bào chết và sự sống còn, và DNA sửa chữa [140.141]. Hai protein truyền tín hiệu ban đầu được cho là được kích hoạt bằng một loại tổn thương DNA do đó phục vụ trong đường dẫn tín hiệu song song; Tuy nhiên, tích lũy chứng cứ dence cho thấy ATM- và ATR-con đường giao tiếp và hợp tác để đáp ứng với thiệt hại DNA [141]. ATM, ưu tiên được kích hoạt hóa bởi DNA vỡ hai sợi, đã được chứng minh để phục vụ như là một cảm hơn sor của stress oxy hóa trong đó các tế bào ATM thiếu có nhiều nhạy cảm với các tác nhân gây stress oxy hóa cũng như DNA hư hại các đại lý lão hóa [142 ]. Tuy nhiên, nó gần đây đã chứng minh rằng các cơ chế phân tử của sự kích hoạt của ATM bằng DNA hư hại tuổi và oxy hóa căng thẳng là khác nhau. Khi hai sợi DNA nghỉ cảm ứng bởi các tác nhân như bleomycin, các tế bào tuyển Mre11- phức tạp Rad50-Nbs1 (MRN) đến các trang web bị hư hỏng cùng với ATM, do đó gây autophosphorylation ATM tại Ser-1981 và kích hoạt hoạt động ATM protein kinase dẫn đến phosphoryl hóa protein hiệu hạ nguồn như kinase trạm kiểm soát 2 (Chk2) tại Thr-68 và p53 tại Ser-15 (hình. 8).

































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