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This distribution largely follows the breakdown of global trafficking flows, as long-distance (transregional) trafficking is much less frequently detected than domestic or subregional trafficking. However, it should be noted that the share of convicted own citizens among the total number of trafficking offenders is generally much higher than the share of domestic trafficking detected in a given country. This could imply that domestic trafficking - which happens within the borders of one country - is mainly organized by citizens of that country. But even so, local citizens are not only engaged in domestic trafficking. Many of those who were convicted in their own countries during 2010 – 2012 were taking part in cross-border trafficking, be it subregional or transregional. Convicted local citizens could be involved in both domes-tic and cross-border trafficking in some way, for example, as recruiters, transporters, guards or exploiters. The court cases submitted to UNODC by Member States include an illustrative case from Latvia, where two Latvian men were convicted of trafficking Latvian women to a different country in Western Europe for sexual exploitation. The offenders recruited the victims, deceived them regarding the working conditions they could expect in their destination country by promising a reasonable salary and reassuring them that they would not be involved in prostitution, and then transported the victims across the borders to accomplices. Once in the destination country, the victims were exploited in prostitution against very little pay. In this scheme, the offenders received money from their partners to cover their costs. From the available information, it seems that the convicted men were ‘sucontracted’ to recruit and transport victims for a larger, foreign-based operation. This shows how convicted per-sons reported as ‘local offenders’ may actually be involved in cross-border operations. Though there are some differences, the overall pattern of offender citizenships in the case of cross-border trafficking holds true globally. But if a distinction is made between origin and destination countries for cross-border trafficking, the picture changes dramatically.
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