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The final analytical sample included1,132 child-caregiver dyads (Table 1).Caregivers and children had mean agesof 27 yrs and 19 mos, respectively. Thevast majority of caregivers were femalewith less than college education; therewere equal proportions (40%) of whitesand African Americans. Based on theword-comprehension instrument, 17% ofcaregivers were classified as having lowliteracy. This proportion was 26% withthe word-recognition instrument.The majority (80%) of children had atleast one oral-health–related visit; however,only 50% were dental-office–based visits.The likelihood of having a dental-office–based visit increased with children’s age,as well as with caregivers’ age. The meanannual Medicaid-paid expenditure for alloral-health–related visits among all childrenwas $203, allocated as follows: $81 for preventivedental-office–based and medicaloffice–based care; $99 for dental-office–based and hospital-based restorative care;and $22 for dental-office– and hospitalbasedemergency care (Table 2). Meanexpenditures among children who receivedany oral health service in each respectivecategory (Appendix Table) were higher:hospital-based emergency care—$1,282,dental-office–based preventive care—$131,and restorative care—$343. The pattern ofbivariate association between health literacyand expenditures varied by health literacyskill and by care type (Fig.). The highestmean expenditures were noted forREALD-30 scores ≤ 10, whereas there wasa virtually monotonic inverse associationbetween expenditures and NVS. Althoughhigher literacy was consistently associatedwith increased preventive care expenditures,the restorative and emergency
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