• General behaviour: e.g. restlessness, anxiety, irritability can be caused by either intoxication with stimulants or hallucinogens, or by withdrawal from opiates.
• Mood: depression can be caused by withdrawal from stimulants (e.g. amphetamine withdrawal) or by alcohol or sedative drugs. Assess the risk of self-harm.
• Delusions and hallucinations: common with stimulant and hallucinogens use.
• Confusional states