4 ConclusionsA decidedly significan

4 Conclusions
A decidedly significant amount of the GHG emissions
associated with the whole life cycle of the oil palm supply
chain was from the agriculture stage in the plantation.
Emissions were mainly from the use of fertilizers. Another
source of GHG was from the biogas (methane) in the
POME released in the milling process.
Earlier papers (Halimah et al. 2010; Zulkifli et al. 2010;
Vijaya et al. 2010; Tan et al. 2010; Puah et al. 2010) have
reported that climate change was one of the most significant
impacts of the oil palm supply chain. Calculation of GHG
emissions from the subsystems showed that the production
of 1 t of FFB produces 119 kg CO2 eq. The production of
1 t of CPO in a mill without biogas capture emits 971 or
506 kg CO2 eq if the mill captured 85% of the biogas
produced from POME. For production of 1 t of RPO in a
refinery which sourced the CPO from a mill without biogas
capture, the GHG emitted is 1,113 and 626 kg CO2 eq if
biogas is captured. In the case of palm biodiesel, 33.19 and
21.20 g CO2 eq were emitted per MJ of biodiesel produced
from palm oil sourced from a mill without and with biogas
capture, respectively. It was also found that the processing
step from transesterification of RPO to palm biodiesel
contributes to 5.1 g CO2 eq/MJ of biodiesel produced,
which is a small fraction over its entire life cycle.
5 Conclusions
Efforts should be focused on reduction of GHG emissions
within the control of the managers of the defined
subsystems in the oil palm supply chain. Production of
raw materials for use in the oil palm industry is beyond the
management of the oil palm industry, although one
mitigation option is through the implementation of green
procurement.
Salient recommendations for reduction of GHG can be
summarized as follows:
& Reduction of inorganic fertilizers by applying more
organic nitrogen fertilizer. Returning the nutrient-rich
slurry from the POME treatment to the field or applying
compost (EFB+POME) as fertilizer, thereby reducing
inorganic fertilizer application.
& Judicious application of fertilizers using precision
application based on diagnosis of nutrient requirements
from soils and foliar analyses.& Biogas capture from POME anaerobic ponds as a
source of renewable energy.

Results (Indonesian) 1:

Kesimpulan 4Jelas sejumlah emisi gas rumah kacaterkait dengan siklus hidup seluruh pasokan minyak sawitjaringan pada dari panggung pertanian di kebun.Emisi yang terutama dari penggunaan pupuk. Lainsumber GHG dibuat dari biogas (methane) diPOME dirilis pada proses penggilingan.Karya-karya sebelumnya (Halimah et al. 2010; Zulkifli et al. 2010;Vijaya et al. 2010; Tan et al. 2010; Pua et al. 2010) telahdilaporkan bahwa perubahan iklim adalah salah satu yang paling pentingdampak rantai pasokan minyak sawit. Perhitungan GHGemisi dari subsistem menunjukkan bahwa produksi1 t TBS menghasilkan 119 kg CO2 eq. Produksi1 t CPO di pabrik tanpa biogas menangkap memancarkan 971 atau506 kg CO2 eq jika pabrik ditangkap 85% dari biogasdihasilkan dari POME. Untuk produksi 1 t RPO dikilang yang bersumber CPO dari sebuah pabrik tanpa biogasmenangkap, gas rumah kaca yang dipancarkan adalah 1,113 dan 626 kg CO2 eq jikabiogas ditangkap. Dalam kasus palem biodiesel, 33,19 daneq 21,20 g CO2 yang dipancarkan per MJ biodiesel diproduksidari minyak sawit yang bersumber dari sebuah pabrik tanpa dan dengan biogasmenangkap, masing-masing. Itu juga menemukan bahwa pengolahanlangkah dari transesterifikasi RPO untuk palm biodieselberkontribusi 5.1 g CO2 eq/MJ biodiesel diproduksi,yang merupakan sebagian kecil atas seluruh siklus kehidupan.Kesimpulan 5Upaya harus difokuskan pada pengurangan emisi gas rumah kacawithin the control of the managers of the definedsubsystems in the oil palm supply chain. Production ofraw materials for use in the oil palm industry is beyond themanagement of the oil palm industry, although onemitigation option is through the implementation of greenprocurement.Salient recommendations for reduction of GHG can besummarized as follows:& Reduction of inorganic fertilizers by applying moreorganic nitrogen fertilizer. Returning the nutrient-richslurry from the POME treatment to the field or applyingcompost (EFB+POME) as fertilizer, thereby reducinginorganic fertilizer application.& Judicious application of fertilizers using precisionapplication based on diagnosis of nutrient requirementsfrom soils and foliar analyses.& Biogas capture from POME anaerobic ponds as asource of renewable energy.