erging technologies will need to be tested to make sure they are robust – but how? Should the regulation of products be based upon the process for development, such as minimum dataset standards and clinician involvement, or on the quality of the output (‘real world testing’)? The former would be less labour-intensive but could potentially miss those that have gone throughthe right process but generated the wrong result due to error or unknown component factors.The reality may be that safeguards need to be built into the whole chain from development through to production.