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Shrimp is one of the most important seafood commodities in international trade and most shrimp come from developing countries. While high value shrimp is mostly exported by the developing countries to earn valuable foreign exchange, low value shrimp are consumed domestically (FAO, 2004). Yet, one of the most serious difficulties facing exporters is the different quality and safety standards and policies imposed by importers. These disparities concern regulations, standards and procedures, including border controls where seafood products can be rejected, destroyed or detained. In order to promote harmonization and equivalence among seafood-trading nations, such differences need to be reduced and ultimately removed and replaced by international control systems and standards based on scientific techniques such as risk assessment (Ababouch, Gandini, & Ryder, 2005).According to WHO (2012), risk assessment is the scientific evaluation of known or potential adverse health effects resulting from human exposure to foodborne hazards. The process consists of the four steps: hazard identification, hazard characterization, exposure assessment and risk characterization. Hazard identification is the identification of known or potential health effects associated with a biological, chemical, or physical agent which may be present in food. Hazard characterization is the qualitative and/or quantitative evaluation of the nature of the adverse effects associated with a particular agent which may be present in food. For chemical agents, a dose–response assessment should be performed. For biological or physical agents, a dose–response assessment should be performed if the data is obtainable. Exposure assessment is the qualitative and/or quantitative evaluation of the degree of intake likely to occur in a given population. Risk characterization is the integration of hazard identification, hazard characterization and exposure assessment into an estimation of the adverse effects likely to occur in a given population. The definition includes quantitative risk assessment, which emphasizes reliance on numerical expressions of risk, and also qualitative expressions of risk, as well as an indication of the attendant uncertainties (WHO, 2012).Vibrio parahaemolyticus is one of the major seafood-borne gastroenteritis causing bacteria and is frequently isolated from shellfish samples ( Zhao, Zhou, Cao, Ma, & Jiang, 2011). Gastroenteritis caused by this organism is almost exclusively associated with seafood consumed raw or inadequately cooked, or contaminated after cooking. Black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) which is sold in domestic markets is generally non-exportable grade and shares a small quantity. The incidence of food poisoning reported in Malaysia has gradually decreased over the last five years. In the year 1999 the incidence rate was 38.04 per 100,000 population with a gradual reduction to 36.61 in 2000, 29.99 in 2001, 28.63 in 2002 and 26.44 in the year 2003. One of the causative agents suspected in the food poisoning episodes was V. parahaemolyticus. In 1999 and 2000 there were no episodes suspected to be linked to V. parahaemolyticus, but in 2002, 2003 and 2004, there was one, two and one episode respectively. However, the issue of V. parahaemolyticus in seafood is getting more attention in Malaysia for economic and trade reasons. V. parahaemolyticus can be quantified in natural shrimp's samples using rapid and sensitive quantitative real-time PCR (Q-PCR). This assay could be proposed, in response to the demands of the European Commission as a tool for testing for the presence of Vibrios in crustaceans, making it possible to legislate in this domain ( Robert-Pillot, Copin, Gay, Malle, & Quilici, 2010).Exports of block frozen black tiger shrimp (P. monodon) had been rejected from Malaysia due to the presence of V. parahaemolyticus by some EU countries ( Mohammad, Hashim, Gunasalam, & Radu, 2005). The scope of this work was to assess the risk of acquiring gastroenteritis due to V. parahaemolyticus for Malaysian population as a result of consumption of cooked black tiger shrimp (P. monodon).
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