1. ADVANCE DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM CONCEPTS & ARCHITECTURE By vikas jagtap
2. 2.1 SPATIAL DATA MANAGEMENT: Spatial Data: The data that indicates the earth location (latitude & longitude, or height & depth ) of these rendered objects is known as spatial data. When the map is rendered, objects of this spatial data are used to project the location of the objects on 2- Dimentional piece of paper. Ex: A road map (2D consisting points, lines & polygons). A GIS often used to store, retrieve, & render this earth related spatial data.
3. Other types of spatial data include data from Computer Aided Design (CAD) & Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM) systems. Spatial Data Bases: The spatial data management systems are designed to make the storage, retrieval, & manipulation of spatial data (i.e points, lines and polygons) easier and natural to users, such as GIS. While typical databases can understand various numeric and character types of data, additional functionality needs to be added for databases to process spatial data types. These are typically called geometry or feature.
4. Once this data is stored in data base, it can be easily and meaningfully manipulated and retrieved as it relates all other stored in the data base. Spatial data base keeps objects in multidimensional space. Example: Cartographic data bases and GIS data bases that store maps includes 2D spatial description of their objects. These objects are used in many applications such as environment, logistics management, and war strategies.
5. Object-based spatial database: These spatial databases stores the location as objects. The object-based spatial model treats the world as surface littered with recognizable objects (e.g. cities, rivers), which exist independent of their locations. Objects can be simple as polygons and lines, or be more complex to represent cities. Using object-based spatial database, it is easier to store more attributes with the objects such as direction, speed, etc.,
6. using these attributes can make it easier to answer queries like "find all tanks whose speed is 10 km and oriented to north". Or "find all enemies tanks in certain region". Storing attributes with objects can provide better result presentation. and improved manipulation capabilities in more efficient way.
7. Spatial Data Model: It is a hierarchial structure consisting of elements, geometries and layers which corresponds to representations of spatial data. Layers are composed of geometries and geometries in turn are made up of elements. Elements: These are basic building blocks of geometric feature for the spatial data option. Ex: Points (Historic marks), Lines strings (Roads), and Polygons (Country boundaries)
8. Geometry: A geometric object is representation of a users spatial feature, modeled as an ordered set of primitive elements. Each geometric object is required to be uniquely identified by a geometric identifier (GID), associating with its corresponding attributes represented as polygon. Ex: Land for cultivation. Complex geometric feature are represented as polygon with holes Ex: Fertile land in village.
9. Layer: It is the heterogeneous collection of geometries having the same attribute set. Ex: One layer include topographical features (land), while other describe density and third describes roads and buildings. Spatial Query: Spatial query is the process of selecting features based on their geographic or spatial relationship to other features.
10. It is a special type of database query supported by geodatabases. The queries differ from SQL queries in several important ways. Two of the most important are that they allow the use of geometry data types such as points, lines and polygons and that these queries consider the spatial relationship between these geometries.
11. In spatial data bases you can perform spatial queries using features from different themes. The process of overlaying one theme with other in order to determine their relationships is called spatial overlay. EX: You are in a new city want to locate a hotel then your two themes will be (Airport & Hotel). Spatial query is part of larger process called Spatial Analysis. Spatial analysis combines various spatial queries into a series of steps which help you solve problems such as:
12. Locating areas of economic deprivation. Determining population density and number of schools. Spatial queries are divided into following types: Range or Proximity Query: It finds the objects of a particular type that are within a given spatial area or within a particular distance from given location. Ex: Find all schools within Bombay city area, or find all hospitals within 2kms of the accident area.
13. Nearest neighbor or Adjacency: It find object of a particular type that is closer to a given location. Ex: Find school i.e closest to your home, or finding hospital nearest to the accident site. Spatial Joins or Overlays: Overlays join objects of 2 types based on some spatial condition. Ex: Finding all hotels that are on the highway from Chennai to Bangalore.
14. The spatial queries are answered efficiently using special techniques called Spatial indexing. One best known technique is R-tree and their variations. Ex: R-trees group together objects that are in close spatial physical proximity on the same leaf nodes of the tree structure index. R-trees are associated with rectangles whose area covers all the rectangles in the sub-tree. Quad-tree is a spatial index which decomposes a data set (Ex: image) into square cells of different sizes until each cell has a homogenous value. They are often used to store raster data.
15. Raster is a cellular data structure composed of rows and columns for storing image. Groups of cells with the same value represent feature. Types of spatial functions: The function names for queries differ across geodatabases. The following list contains commonly used functions built into PostGIS, a free geodatabase which is a PostgreSQL extension (the term 'geometry' refers to a point, line, box or other two or three dimensional shape): Function Prototype: functionName (parameter(s)) : return type
16. Distance(geometry, geometry) : number Equals(geometry, geometry) : boolean Disjoint(geometry, geometry) : boolean Intersects(geometry, geometry) : boolean Touches(geometry, geometry) : boolean Crosses(geometry, geometry) : boolean Overlaps(geometry, geometry) : boolean Contains(geometry, geometry) : boolean Intersects(geometry, geometry) : boolean Length(geometry) : number Area(geometry) : number Centroid(geometry) : geometry
17. Examples of Spatial database systems: All OpenGIS Specifications compliant products. Open source spatial databases and APIs, some of which are OpenGIS compliant. Boeing's Spatial Query Server (Official Site) spatially enables Sybase. Oracle Spatial . PostgreSQL DBMS (database management system) uses the spatial extension PostGIS to implement the standardized datatype geometry and corresponding functions.
18. MySQL DBMS implements the datatype geometry or feature plus some spatial functions that haven't been implemented according to the OpenGIS specifications. Functions that test spatial relationships are limited to working with master bounding rectangles rather than the actual geometries. MySQL versions earlier than 5.0.16 only supported spatial data in MyISAM tables. As of MySQL 5.0.16, InnoDB, NDB, BDB, and ARCHIVE also support spatial features.
19. Spatial Databox is a low-latency spatial engine that provides nearest neighbor, containment and tile-based spatial queries. It also provides a real-time response guarantee to queries so as to support interactive map mashups. 2.2 WEB BASED SYSTEMS: Web based systems are systems which store web applications, that are accessed via web browser over a network such as the Internet or an Intranet.
20. Web Application: It is a computer software application that is coded in a browser-supported language (such as HTML, JavaScript, etc.) and reside on a common web browser to make the application executable. Web applications are popular due to the use of web browsers, and the convenience of using a web browser as a client. Web Applications are usually broken into logical chunks called "tiers", where every tier is assigned a role. We have 3-main types of architectures available: 2-tier Architecture. 3-tier Architecture. N-tier Architecture.
21. OVERVIEW OF CLIENT SERVER ARCHITECTURE: Client-Server computing or networking is a distributed application architecture that partitions tasks or work loads between service providers called servers and service requesters, called clients. A server machine is a high-performance host that is running one or more server programs which share its resources with clients. A client does not share any of its resources, but requests a server's content or service function. Clients therefore initiate communication sessions with servers which await (listen to) incoming requests.
22. Client-server describes the relationship between two computer programs in which one program, the client program, makes a service request to another, the server program. 2-TIER ARCHITECTURE: It is the traditional client/server environment that divides the application into GUI (client), and the Data (server). GUI can be developed using a product like VB or Power Builder and the can be set up using a DBMS. GUI is often referred to as “Presentation Layer”. In 2-tier architecture all the pieces of applications are either on the client (tier1) or server (tier2).
23. Example of 2-tier architecture: A web browser is a client program at the user computer that may access information at any web server in the world. To check your bank account from your comp
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1. ADVANCE DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM CONCEPTS & ARCHITECTURE By vikas jagtap2. 2.1 SPATIAL DATA MANAGEMENT: Spatial Data: The data that indicates the earth location (latitude & longitude, or height & depth ) of these rendered objects is known as spatial data. When the map is rendered, objects of this spatial data are used to project the location of the objects on 2- Dimentional piece of paper. Ex: A road map (2D consisting points, lines & polygons). A GIS often used to store, retrieve, & render this earth related spatial data.3. Other types of spatial data include data from Computer Aided Design (CAD) & Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM) systems. Spatial Data Bases: The spatial data management systems are designed to make the storage, retrieval, & manipulation of spatial data (i.e points, lines and polygons) easier and natural to users, such as GIS. While typical databases can understand various numeric and character types of data, additional functionality needs to be added for databases to process spatial data types. These are typically called geometry or feature.4. เมื่อข้อมูลถูกเก็บอยู่ในฐานข้อมูล สามารถได้อย่างง่ายดาย และมาจัดการ และดึงมาเกี่ยวข้องทั้งหมดเก็บไว้ในฐานข้อมูล ฐานข้อมูล Spatial ช่วยให้วัตถุในหลายพื้นที่ Example: ฐานข้อมูล Cartographic และฐานข้อมูล GIS ที่แผนที่ร้านค้ารวมถึงอธิบายปริภูมิ 2 มิติวัตถุของพวกเขา ใช้วัตถุ These ในโปรแกรมประยุกต์มากมายเช่นสภาพแวดล้อม การจัดการโลจิสติกส์ และกลยุทธ์สงคราม5. วัตถุพื้นที่ฐานข้อมูล: ฐานข้อมูลปริภูมิเหล่านี้เก็บตำแหน่งเป็นวัตถุ ตามวัตถุปริภูมิแบบปฏิบัติโลกเป็นพื้นผิวที่ littered กับรู้จักวัตถุ (เช่นเมือง แม่น้ำ), ที่มีอยู่ขึ้นอยู่กับตำแหน่ง วัตถุสามารถจะง่ายเป็นรูปหลายเหลี่ยมและบรรทัด หรือมีความซับซ้อนถึงเมือง ใช้วัตถุพื้นที่ฐานข้อมูล มันจะง่ายต่อการเก็บแอตทริบิวต์เพิ่มเติมกับวัตถุเช่นทิศทาง ความเร็ว ฯลฯ .,6. ใช้คุณลักษณะเหล่านี้ทำได้ง่ายการตอบคำถามเช่น "พบทั้งหมดถังที่มีความเร็วเป็น 10 กม. และมุ่งเน้นให้เหนือ" หรือ "ค้นหาศัตรูทั้งหมดถังในบางภูมิภาค" แอตทริบิวต์ Storing กับวัตถุสามารถให้ผลนำเสนอที่ดีกว่า และความสามารถในการจัดการปรับปรุงในวิธีที่มีประสิทธิภาพมากขึ้น7. Spatial Data Model: It is a hierarchial structure consisting of elements, geometries and layers which corresponds to representations of spatial data. Layers are composed of geometries and geometries in turn are made up of elements. Elements: These are basic building blocks of geometric feature for the spatial data option. Ex: Points (Historic marks), Lines strings (Roads), and Polygons (Country boundaries)8. Geometry: A geometric object is representation of a users spatial feature, modeled as an ordered set of primitive elements. Each geometric object is required to be uniquely identified by a geometric identifier (GID), associating with its corresponding attributes represented as polygon. Ex: Land for cultivation. Complex geometric feature are represented as polygon with holes Ex: Fertile land in village.9. Layer: It is the heterogeneous collection of geometries having the same attribute set. Ex: One layer include topographical features (land), while other describe density and third describes roads and buildings. Spatial Query: Spatial query is the process of selecting features based on their geographic or spatial relationship to other features.10. It is a special type of database query supported by geodatabases. The queries differ from SQL queries in several important ways. Two of the most important are that they allow the use of geometry data types such as points, lines and polygons and that these queries consider the spatial relationship between these geometries.11. In spatial data bases you can perform spatial queries using features from different themes. The process of overlaying one theme with other in order to determine their relationships is called spatial overlay. EX: You are in a new city want to locate a hotel then your two themes will be (Airport & Hotel). Spatial query is part of larger process called Spatial Analysis. Spatial analysis combines various spatial queries into a series of steps which help you solve problems such as:12. Locating areas of economic deprivation. Determining population density and number of schools. Spatial queries are divided into following types: Range or Proximity Query: It finds the objects of a particular type that are within a given spatial area or within a particular distance from given location. Ex: Find all schools within Bombay city area, or find all hospitals within 2kms of the accident area.13. Nearest neighbor or Adjacency: It find object of a particular type that is closer to a given location. Ex: Find school i.e closest to your home, or finding hospital nearest to the accident site. Spatial Joins or Overlays: Overlays join objects of 2 types based on some spatial condition. Ex: Finding all hotels that are on the highway from Chennai to Bangalore.14. The spatial queries are answered efficiently using special techniques called Spatial indexing. One best known technique is R-tree and their variations. Ex: R-trees group together objects that are in close spatial physical proximity on the same leaf nodes of the tree structure index. R-trees are associated with rectangles whose area covers all the rectangles in the sub-tree. Quad-tree is a spatial index which decomposes a data set (Ex: image) into square cells of different sizes until each cell has a homogenous value. They are often used to store raster data.15. Raster is a cellular data structure composed of rows and columns for storing image. Groups of cells with the same value represent feature. Types of spatial functions: The function names for queries differ across geodatabases. The following list contains commonly used functions built into PostGIS, a free geodatabase which is a PostgreSQL extension (the term 'geometry' refers to a point, line, box or other two or three dimensional shape): Function Prototype: functionName (parameter(s)) : return type16. Distance(geometry, geometry) : number Equals(geometry, geometry) : boolean Disjoint(geometry, geometry) : boolean Intersects(geometry, geometry) : boolean Touches(geometry, geometry) : boolean Crosses(geometry, geometry) : boolean Overlaps(geometry, geometry) : boolean Contains(geometry, geometry) : boolean Intersects(geometry, geometry) : boolean Length(geometry) : number Area(geometry) : number Centroid(geometry) : geometry17. Examples of Spatial database systems: All OpenGIS Specifications compliant products. Open source spatial databases and APIs, some of which are OpenGIS compliant. Boeing's Spatial Query Server (Official Site) spatially enables Sybase. Oracle Spatial . PostgreSQL DBMS (database management system) uses the spatial extension PostGIS to implement the standardized datatype geometry and corresponding functions.
18. MySQL DBMS implements the datatype geometry or feature plus some spatial functions that haven't been implemented according to the OpenGIS specifications. Functions that test spatial relationships are limited to working with master bounding rectangles rather than the actual geometries. MySQL versions earlier than 5.0.16 only supported spatial data in MyISAM tables. As of MySQL 5.0.16, InnoDB, NDB, BDB, and ARCHIVE also support spatial features.
19. Spatial Databox is a low-latency spatial engine that provides nearest neighbor, containment and tile-based spatial queries. It also provides a real-time response guarantee to queries so as to support interactive map mashups. 2.2 WEB BASED SYSTEMS: Web based systems are systems which store web applications, that are accessed via web browser over a network such as the Internet or an Intranet.
20. Web Application: It is a computer software application that is coded in a browser-supported language (such as HTML, JavaScript, etc.) and reside on a common web browser to make the application executable. Web applications are popular due to the use of web browsers, and the convenience of using a web browser as a client. Web Applications are usually broken into logical chunks called "tiers", where every tier is assigned a role. We have 3-main types of architectures available: 2-tier Architecture. 3-tier Architecture. N-tier Architecture.
21. OVERVIEW OF CLIENT SERVER ARCHITECTURE: Client-Server computing or networking is a distributed application architecture that partitions tasks or work loads between service providers called servers and service requesters, called clients. A server machine is a high-performance host that is running one or more server programs which share its resources with clients. A client does not share any of its resources, but requests a server's content or service function. Clients therefore initiate communication sessions with servers which await (listen to) incoming requests.
22. Client-server describes the relationship between two computer programs in which one program, the client program, makes a service request to another, the server program. 2-TIER ARCHITECTURE: It is the traditional client/server environment that divides the application into GUI (client), and the Data (server). GUI can be developed using a product like VB or Power Builder and the can be set up using a DBMS. GUI is often referred to as “Presentation Layer”. In 2-tier architecture all the pieces of applications are either on the client (tier1) or server (tier2).
23. Example of 2-tier architecture: A web browser is a client program at the user computer that may access information at any web server in the world. To check your bank account from your comp
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