The dramatic style shifting in Warren County may be a precursor to dia translation - The dramatic style shifting in Warren County may be a precursor to dia Indonesian how to say

The dramatic style shifting in Warr

The dramatic style shifting in Warren County may be a precursor to diachronic
processes. Winford (1992:42) appeals to Bickerton’s (1975:16) claim that style-shifting
is the ‘synchronic reflex of an ongoing process of decreolization in the Trinidadian
continuum’. Given this assumption, that ‘synchronic variability is the mirror of diachronic
processes’ (Winford 1992:42), what then do the style shifts of Warren County
speakers tell us about the diachronic processes involving the stigmatized variants under
study?
Two distinct paths of change present themselves. First, it is reasonable to believe
that the expanded-identity group will attain lower rates of copula absence and regularized
past be in the future, both in and out of the sociolinguistic interview. Evidence
for such a change can be found in some young European-American speakers not in
the subject pool.22 Speakers 22 (12-year-old European-American female) and 26 (sevenyear-
old European-American male) have family that goes back four generations in
Warren County. Although they have lived their entire lives in a rural community, they
have attended only a private school in an urban area of an adjacent county. They have
social networks with children who lead much more suburban lives than any Warren
County resident has ever lived. Given the assumptions about cultural identity, their
extremely low rates of copula absence, wont, or was regularization are a result of their
advanced expanded identity and reflect change in progress. These speakers still retain
nonstigmatized vernacular features, such as [f] for [θ] in words such as birfday, and
are participating in the Southern Vowel Shift (e.g. [i] shifting to [I] in words like beach
[bIt+] (Labov 1994:209)), but these features are not stigmatized in their region for any
speaker (Butters&Nix 1986, Hazen 2000). In their daily lives, these two young speakers
face a routine vastly different from that of their parents, grandparents, or great-grandparents
in their own adolescent years. I posit that the different identities they have to
choose from result in different patterns of language variation.
Second, for the young, local-identity African Americans and Native Americans and
some of their expanded-identity counterparts, participation in a localized hip-hop culture
is putting new life into old, homegrown sociolinguistic variation. Their revitalization
of the three vernacular linguistic variants is not just divergence from European Americans
but from all expanded-identity speakers regardless of ethnicity.
The poor economy of Warren County has driven out residents for over a century
and many of its youth are not waiting for their old country home to gather together
jobs when larger urban areas draw them with the opportunity for employment and
excitement. The Warren County vernacular would normally be considered a moribund
variety in such a situation, much as in Ocracoke, North Carolina (Dorian 1994, Schilling-
Estes & Wolfram 1999, Wolfram and Schilling-Estes 1995).23 However, in the
case of the Ocracoke brogue, some features are maintaining their linguistic parameters
but not their quantitative rates (Wolfram et al. 1999). In Warren County the rates of
the stigmatized features are increasing for some speakers, but the motivations for those
increases reside in identities different from any other previously in the county (for
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Gaya dramatis Wind Warren County dapat menjadi pelopor untuk diachronicproses. Banding Winford (1992:42) kepada Bickerton (1975:16) mengklaim bahwa gaya-pergeseranadalah ' synchronic refleks dari proses decreolization di orang Trinidad yang berkelanjutankontinum '. Diberikan asumsi ini, yang ' synchronic variabilitas adalah cermin diachronicproses (Winford 1992:42), lalu apa perubahan gaya Warren Countyspeaker ceritakan tentang proses diachronic yang melibatkan varian stigma di bawahstudi?Dua jalur yang berbeda perubahan hadir sendiri. Pertama, ada alasan untuk percayabahwa kelompok diperluas identitas akan mencapai tingkat yang lebih rendah terali ketidakhadiran dan disiarkanmasa lalu dapat di masa depan, keduanya masuk dan keluar dari wawancara sosiolinguistik. Buktiuntuk perubahan tersebut dapat ditemukan di beberapa narasumber Eropa-Amerika yang muda tidaksubjek pool.22 speaker 22 (12-year-old Eropa-Amerika wanita) dan 26 (sevenyear-lama Eropa-Amerika laki-laki) memiliki keluarga yang kembali empat generasi diWarren County. Meskipun mereka telah menjalani seluruh hidup mereka di masyarakat pedesaan, merekatelah menghadiri hanya sebuah sekolah swasta di wilayah urban daerah yang berdekatan. Mereka memilikijaringan sosial dengan anak-anak yang menjalani kehidupan pinggiran kota yang jauh lebih daripada Warren apapunCounty penduduk pernah hidup. Diberikan asumsi tentang identitas budaya, merekasangat rendah terali absen, wont, atau adalah regularisasi adalah hasil dari merekaAdvanced diperluas identitas dan mencerminkan perubahan dalam kemajuan. Speaker ini masih mempertahankannonstigmatized vernakular fitur, seperti [f] untuk [θ] dalam kata-kata seperti birfday, danberpartisipasi dalam pergeseran vokal Selatan (misalnya [i] Wind [I] kata-kata seperti Pantai[agak +] (Labov 1994:209)), tapi fitur ini tidak ternoda di wilayah mereka untuk setiappembicara (mentega & Nix 1986, Hazen 2000). Dalam kehidupan sehari-hari, ini dua pembicara mudamenghadapi rutinitas yang sangat berbeda dari yang mereka orang tua, kakek-nenek atau kakek-nenekdi tahun-tahun remaja mereka sendiri. Saya menempatkan yang berbeda identitas mereka harusmemilih dari hasil dalam pola yang berbeda dari variasi bahasa.Kedua, untuk Afrika Amerika muda, identitas lokal dan penduduk asli Amerika danbeberapa rekan-rekan diperluas identitas mereka, partisipasi dalam budaya hip-hop lokaladalah menempatkan kehidupan baru ke lama, homegrown variasi sosiolinguistik. Revitalisasi merekavarian linguistik vernakular tiga ini tidak hanya perbedaan dari orang Eropa-Amerikatapi dari semua identitas diperluas pembicara terlepas dari etnis.Perekonomian masyarakat miskin Warren County didorong keluar penduduk untuk lebih dari satu abaddan banyak pemuda tidak menunggu rumah pedesaan berusia mereka mengumpulkanpekerjaan ketika perkotaan lebih besar menarik mereka dengan kesempatan untuk pekerjaan dankegembiraan. Warren County vernakular akan biasanya dianggap hampir mativariasi dalam situasi seperti ini, banyak seperti Ocracoke, North Carolina (Dorian 1994, Schilling-Estes & Wolfram 1999, Wolfram dan Schilling-Estes 1995).23 Namun, dikasus dari logat bahasa Ocracoke, beberapa fitur mempertahankan parameter linguistik merekatapi tidak TARIF mereka kuantitatif (Wolfram et al. 1999). Di Warren County tingkatFitur stigma yang meningkat untuk beberapa pembicara, tetapi motivasi bagimeningkatkan berada di identitas yang berbeda dari yang lain sebelumnya di county (untuk
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