Serum ALT activity level is the mos

Serum ALT activity level is the most frequently relied upon laboratory indicator of hepatotoxic effects(Amacher, 1998; Amacher, 2002),shows infrequentfalse negative signals of liver histopathologic injury as well as limited false positive signals and is considered as the gold standard clinical chemistry marker of liver injury. Although the overall clinical utility of serum ALT measurements is exceptional, it does not always correlate well with preclinical histomorphologic data. Thus, additional markers are sought to add information to serum ALT enzymatic signals, especially as bridge biomarkers in early human trials where histopathologic data are usually not available.
ALT plays an important role in amino acid metabolism and gluconeogenesis. ALT and AST catalyze the reductive transfer of an amino group from alanine or aspartate, respectively, to alpha-ketoglutarate to yield glutamate and pyruvate or oxaloacetate, respectively. Damaged hepatocytes release their contents including ALT and AST into the extracellular space.
The released enzymes ultimately enter into circulation and thereby increase the serum levels of ALT and AST compared to control subjects. AST is local-
ized in heart, brain, skeletal muscle and liver tissue.ALT is primarily localized to liver, with lower enzymatic activities found in skeletal muscle and heart tissue. Increases in serum ALT and AST enzymatic levels can also arise from extrahepatic injury, particularly to skeletal muscle. Newer biomarkers of liver injury, with greater specificity to liver, could be used
in conjunction with ALT for the safety evaluation of developmental compounds in the pharmaceutical industry

Results (Indonesian) 1:

Serum ALT activity level is the most frequently relied upon laboratory indicator of hepatotoxic effects(Amacher, 1998; Amacher, 2002),shows infrequentfalse negative signals of liver histopathologic injury as well as limited false positive signals and is considered as the gold standard clinical chemistry marker of liver injury. Although the overall clinical utility of serum ALT measurements is exceptional, it does not always correlate well with preclinical histomorphologic data. Thus, additional markers are sought to add information to serum ALT enzymatic signals, especially as bridge biomarkers in early human trials where histopathologic data are usually not available.ALT plays an important role in amino acid metabolism and gluconeogenesis. ALT and AST catalyze the reductive transfer of an amino group from alanine or aspartate, respectively, to alpha-ketoglutarate to yield glutamate and pyruvate or oxaloacetate, respectively. Damaged hepatocytes release their contents including ALT and AST into the extracellular space.The released enzymes ultimately enter into circulation and thereby increase the serum levels of ALT and AST compared to control subjects. AST is local-ized in heart, brain, skeletal muscle and liver tissue.ALT is primarily localized to liver, with lower enzymatic activities found in skeletal muscle and heart tissue. Increases in serum ALT and AST enzymatic levels can also arise from extrahepatic injury, particularly to skeletal muscle. Newer biomarkers of liver injury, with greater specificity to liver, could be useddalam hubungannya dengan ALT untuk evaluasi keselamatan senyawa perkembangan dalam industri farmasi

Results (Indonesian) 2:

Tingkat aktivitas ALT serum yang paling sering diandalkan indikator laboratorium efek hepatotoksik (Amacher, 1998; Amacher, 2002), menunjukkan sinyal negatif infrequentfalse dari histopatologi luka hati serta sinyal positif palsu terbatas dan dianggap sebagai standar emas kimia penanda klinis dari luka hati. Meskipun utilitas klinis secara keseluruhan pengukuran ALT serum luar biasa, itu tidak selalu berkorelasi dengan baik dengan data histomorphologic praklinis. Dengan demikian, penanda tambahan berusaha untuk menambahkan informasi ke serum ALT sinyal enzimatik, terutama karena biomarker jembatan dalam uji manusia awal dimana data histopatologi biasanya tidak tersedia.
ALT memainkan peran penting dalam metabolisme asam amino dan glukoneogenesis. ALT dan AST mengkatalisis transfer reduktif dari kelompok amino dari alanin atau aspartat, masing-masing, untuk alpha-ketoglutarat menghasilkan glutamat dan piruvat atau oksaloasetat, masing-masing. Hepatosit yang rusak melepaskan isinya termasuk ALT dan AST ke dalam ruang ekstraselular.
Enzim ini merilis akhirnya masuk ke dalam sirkulasi dan dengan demikian meningkatkan kadar serum ALT dan AST dibandingkan dengan subyek kontrol. AST lokal-
terwujud dalam hati, otak, otot rangka dan tissue.ALT hati terutama lokal ke hati, dengan kegiatan enzimatik lebih rendah ditemukan di otot rangka dan jaringan jantung. Peningkatan ALT serum dan kadar enzim AST juga dapat timbul dari cedera ekstrahepatik, terutama untuk otot rangka. Biomarker baru dari luka hati, dengan spesifisitas lebih besar ke hati, dapat digunakan
dalam hubungannya dengan ALT untuk evaluasi keselamatan senyawa perkembangan di industri farmasi