It is tempting to conclude that this is good enough reason for includi translation - It is tempting to conclude that this is good enough reason for includi Indonesian how to say

It is tempting to conclude that thi

It is tempting to conclude that this is good enough reason for including science
process skills in any assessment of learning in science. If this were the case then there
would be many more examples of process skills in national tests, examinations and
teachers’ assessments than in fact are found in practice. Part of the reason for this
is the technical dif® culty of assessing some of the process skills, but the main reason
must surely be the inhibiting in¯ uence of a view of science education as being
concerned only with the development of scienti® c concepts and knowledge (Tobin
et al., 1990) . The technical problems can be solved where there is a will to do so.
But ® rst it is necessary to counter the argument that science education is ultimately
about understanding, that using science process skills is only a means to that end
and thus only the end product needs to be assessed. This denies the value of these
skills in their own right and ignores the strong case for process skills being included
as major aims of science education. This case is made, not just in terms of preparing
future scientists, who will be `doing’ science, but in terms of the whole population,
who need `scienti® c literacy’ in order to live in a world where science impinges on
most aspects of personal, social and global life.
Scienti® c literacy has been de® ned in many different ways. The most recent is the
outcome of the thinking of the `science functional expert group’ set up to design the
framework for the OECD surveys of student achievement (the Performance Indicators
in Student Achievement (PISA) project). In this project the focus is on the
outcomes of the whole of school education in the compulsory years and tests of
reading, mathematics and science are planned for the years 2000, 2003 and 2006.
The surveys of students in their last year of compulsory education (15-year-olds) are
designed to answer the question of how education in each country is providing all
of its citizens with what they need to function in their lives. In science this is
identi® ed as scienti® c literacy, de® ned as follows:
By scienti® c literacy we mean being able to use scienti® c knowledge to
identify questions and to draw evidence-based conclusions in order to
understand and help make decisions about the natural world and the
changes made to it through human activity. (OECD, 1999, in press)
The importance of developing thinking skills is also gaining support from research
® ndings, particularly the Cognitive Acceleration through Science Education (CASE)
project (Adey & Shayer, 1990, 1993, 1994; Shayer & Adey, 1993) . There is also a
rapidly growing emphasis world-wide on the development of `core’ skills (sometimes
called `key skills’ or `life skills’ ), which are seen as necessary to make lifelong learning
a reality. Science has a key role to play in developing skills of communication,
critical thinking and problem-solving and the ability to use and evaluate evidence.
Thus assessment of the development and achievement of these important outcomes
has to be included in the assessment of learning in science.
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It is tempting to conclude that this is good enough reason for including scienceprocess skills in any assessment of learning in science. If this were the case then therewould be many more examples of process skills in national tests, examinations andteachers’ assessments than in fact are found in practice. Part of the reason for thisis the technical dif® culty of assessing some of the process skills, but the main reasonmust surely be the inhibiting in¯ uence of a view of science education as beingconcerned only with the development of scienti® c concepts and knowledge (Tobinet al., 1990) . The technical problems can be solved where there is a will to do so.But ® rst it is necessary to counter the argument that science education is ultimatelyabout understanding, that using science process skills is only a means to that endand thus only the end product needs to be assessed. This denies the value of theseskills in their own right and ignores the strong case for process skills being includedas major aims of science education. This case is made, not just in terms of preparingfuture scientists, who will be `doing’ science, but in terms of the whole population,who need `scienti® c literacy’ in order to live in a world where science impinges onmost aspects of personal, social and global life.Scienti® c literacy has been de® ned in many different ways. The most recent is theoutcome of the thinking of the `science functional expert group’ set up to design theframework for the OECD surveys of student achievement (the Performance Indicatorsin Student Achievement (PISA) project). In this project the focus is on theoutcomes of the whole of school education in the compulsory years and tests ofreading, mathematics and science are planned for the years 2000, 2003 and 2006.The surveys of students in their last year of compulsory education (15-year-olds) aredesigned to answer the question of how education in each country is providing allof its citizens with what they need to function in their lives. In science this isidenti® ed as scienti® c literacy, de® ned as follows:By scienti® c literacy we mean being able to use scienti® c knowledge toidentify questions and to draw evidence-based conclusions in order tounderstand and help make decisions about the natural world and thechanges made to it through human activity. (OECD, 1999, in press)The importance of developing thinking skills is also gaining support from research® ndings, particularly the Cognitive Acceleration through Science Education (CASE)project (Adey & Shayer, 1990, 1993, 1994; Shayer & Adey, 1993) . There is also arapidly growing emphasis world-wide on the development of `core’ skills (sometimescalled `key skills’ or `life skills’ ), which are seen as necessary to make lifelong learninga reality. Science has a key role to play in developing skills of communication,critical thinking and problem-solving and the ability to use and evaluate evidence.Thus assessment of the development and achievement of these important outcomeshas to be included in the assessment of learning in science.
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Hal ini menggoda untuk menyimpulkan bahwa ini adalah alasan yang cukup baik untuk termasuk ilmu
keterampilan proses dalam penilaian pembelajaran dalam ilmu. Jika ini terjadi maka ada
akan banyak lagi contoh keterampilan proses dalam tes nasional, ujian dan
penilaian guru daripada fakta yang ditemukan dalam praktek. Bagian dari alasan untuk ini
adalah culty dif® teknis menilai beberapa keterampilan proses, tetapi alasan utama
pasti menjadi pengaruh dalam menghambat dari pandangan ilmu pendidikan sebagai yang
bersangkutan hanya dengan pengembangan scienti® konsep c dan pengetahuan (Tobin
et al., 1990). Masalah teknis dapat diselesaikan di mana ada kemauan untuk melakukannya.
Tapi ® pertama itu perlu untuk melawan argumen bahwa ilmu pendidikan pada akhirnya
tentang pemahaman, bahwa menggunakan keterampilan proses sains hanya sarana untuk mencapai tujuan itu
dan dengan demikian hanya akhir produk perlu dinilai. Ini menyangkal nilai ini
keterampilan di kanan mereka sendiri dan mengabaikan kasus yang kuat untuk keterampilan proses yang termasuk
sebagai tujuan utama dari pendidikan sains. Kasus ini dibuat, tidak hanya dalam hal mempersiapkan
ilmuwan masa depan, yang akan menjadi `melakukan 'ilmu pengetahuan, tetapi dalam hal seluruh populasi,
yang membutuhkan` scienti® c melek' untuk hidup di dunia di mana ilmu pengetahuan pengaruh pada
sebagian besar aspek kehidupan pribadi, sosial dan global.
Scienti® c keaksaraan telah de® ned dalam berbagai cara. Yang terbaru adalah
hasil dari pemikiran yang `ilmu kelompok ahli fungsional 'dibentuk untuk merancang
kerangka kerja untuk survei OECD prestasi siswa (Indikator Kinerja
di Student Achievement (PISA) proyek). Dalam proyek ini fokusnya adalah pada
hasil dari seluruh pendidikan sekolah di tahun wajib dan tes
membaca, matematika dan ilmu pengetahuan yang direncanakan untuk tahun 2000, 2003 dan 2006.
Survei siswa di tahun terakhir mereka wajib belajar ( 15-year-olds) yang
dirancang untuk menjawab pertanyaan tentang bagaimana pendidikan di masing-masing negara menyediakan semua
warganya dengan apa yang mereka butuhkan untuk berfungsi dalam kehidupan mereka. Dalam ilmu ini
identi® ed sebagai scienti® c keaksaraan, de® didefinisikan sebagai berikut:
Dengan scienti® c melek kita berarti mampu menggunakan scienti® c pengetahuan untuk
mengidentifikasi pertanyaan dan untuk menarik kesimpulan berdasarkan bukti untuk
memahami dan membantu membuat keputusan tentang dunia alam dan
perubahan yang dibuat untuk itu melalui aktivitas manusia. (OECD, 1999, in press)
Pentingnya mengembangkan kemampuan berpikir juga mendapat dukungan dari penelitian
® temuan, terutama Percepatan Kognitif melalui Pendidikan Sains (CASE)
proyek (Adey & Shayer, 1990, 1993, 1994; Shayer & Adey, 1993 ). Ada juga
penekanan di seluruh dunia pada pengembangan ` 'keterampilan (kadang-kadang inti berkembang pesat
disebut` keterampilan kunci' atau `keterampilan hidup '), yang dilihat sebagai diperlukan untuk membuat seumur hidup belajar
kenyataan. Ilmu memiliki peran penting untuk bermain dalam mengembangkan keterampilan komunikasi,
berpikir kritis dan pemecahan masalah dan kemampuan untuk menggunakan dan mengevaluasi bukti.
Jadi penilaian pengembangan dan pencapaian ini hasil penting
harus dimasukkan dalam penilaian pembelajaran dalam ilmu .
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