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EPS are long-chain polysaccharides produced extracellularly mainly by bacteria and microalgae. EPS consist of branched, repeating units of sugars or sugar derivatives. These sugar units are mainly glucose, galactose, mannose, N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetyl galactosamine and rhamnose, in variable ratios. EPS are not permanently attached to the surface of the microbial cell and are secreted into their surroundings during growth as loose slime. This distinguishes them from the structurally similar capsular polysaccharides, which remain permanently attached to the microbial cell surface. EPS play vital role in protection of the microbes from adverse conditions as desiccation, nutrient shortage, toxic compounds, bacteriophages, osmotic stress and antagonists [10]. EPS play key role in initial adhesion and firm anchorage of the bacteria to solid surfaces, cation sequestration, biofilm formation, cellular recognition and pathogenecity. Generally the EPS are not utilized as food by the bacteria producing it, but, Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus are capable of degrading the dextran self synthesized and Streptococcus mutans also utilizes the oligosaccharide produced by it.EPS from microbial sources can be classified into two groups based on their monosaccharide composition and biosynthetic pathway [11]. The homopolysaccharides (HoPS) embody dextran, mutan, alternan, reuteran, pullulan, levan, inulin, curdlan etc. and heteropolysaccharides (HePS) comprise gellan, xanthan, kefiran. Homopolysaccharides consist of identical monosaccharides, d-glucose or d-fructose and can be divided into two major groups: glucans and fructans [12]. By contrast, heteropolysaccharides from LAB have repeating units showing very little structural similarity to one another.
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