Anti-dumping is one of the most con

Anti-dumping is one of the most controversial subjects in international trade.2 The use of anti-dumping laws, designed to offset the effect of imports that are deemed to be sold below “normal” value, has proliferated in the last few decades. In 1958, contracting parties of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (“GATT”) had only thirty-seven anti- dumping measures in force, South Africa alone accounting for twenty-two.3 By contrast, more than sixteen hundred investigations were launched in the 1980s,4 and between
1995 and 2003, members of the World Trade Organization (“WTO”) initiated almost two thousand five hundred investigations and imposed more than fifteen hundred anti- dumping measures.5 As of July 2004, eighteen cases—almost a quarter of all decided cases—involving anti-dumping issues had been the subject of panel and/or Appellate Body reports in the WTO dispute settlement system (ten of these cases were brought against the United States, two against the EC, and six against developing countries).
There has also been a dramatic increase in the number of countries using anti-dumping laws. Once the preserve of the developed world, anti-dumping laws are now being used by an increasing number of developing countries. Thus, between 1980 and 1989, around
95 percent of all anti-dumping measures were imposed by Australia, Canada, the EC, and the United States, and only about two percent by developing countries.6 Between
1995 and 2003, by contrast, developing countries imposed more than half of the total number of measures.7 As of October, 2003, 75 WTO members had reported that they had anti-dumping legislation on their books, and 41 had reported that they had imposed anti-dumping measures

Results (Indonesian) 2:

Anti-dumping adalah salah satu mata pelajaran yang paling kontroversial dalam trade.2 internasional Penggunaan undang-undang anti-dumping, yang dirancang untuk mengimbangi efek dari impor yang dianggap akan dijual di bawah "normal" nilai, telah berkembang biak dalam beberapa dekade terakhir. Pada tahun 1958, kontraktor pihak dari GATT ("GATT") hanya tiga puluh tujuh dumping anti berlaku, Afrika Selatan sendiri menyumbang sekitar dua puluh two.3 Sebaliknya, lebih dari seribu enam ratus penyelidikan diluncurkan pada 1980-an, 4 dan antara
1995 dan 2003, anggota Organisasi Perdagangan Dunia ("WTO") dimulai hampir dua ribu lima ratus penyelidikan dan dikenakan lebih dari lima belas ratus anti measures.5 pembuangan Per Juli 2004, delapan belas kasus-hampir seperempat dari semua memutuskan kasus-melibatkan isu-isu anti-dumping telah menjadi subjek dari panel dan / atau Banding Tubuh laporan dalam sistem penyelesaian sengketa WTO (sepuluh kasus ini dibawa melawan Amerika Serikat, dua melawan EC, dan enam melawan negara-negara berkembang).
Ada juga telah terjadi peningkatan dramatis dalam jumlah negara yang menggunakan undang-undang anti-dumping. Setelah melestarikan negara maju, undang-undang anti-dumping sekarang sedang digunakan oleh semakin banyak negara-negara berkembang. Dengan demikian, antara tahun 1980 dan 1989, sekitar
95 persen dari semua langkah-langkah anti-dumping yang diberlakukan oleh Australia, Kanada, Komisi Eropa, dan Amerika Serikat, dan hanya sekitar dua persen dengan mengembangkan countries.6 Antara
1995 dan 2003, sebaliknya, mengembangkan Negara-negara yang dikenakan lebih dari setengah dari jumlah total measures.7 Hingga Oktober 2003, 75 anggota WTO telah melaporkan bahwa mereka memiliki undang-undang anti-dumping di buku mereka, dan 41 telah melaporkan bahwa mereka telah dikenakan tindakan anti-dumping