Adaptation by Neurohumoral Mechanis

Adaptation by Neurohumoral Mechanisms There are numerous
adaptive responses to dysfunctions of organs or organ systems that
are mediated by humoral or neuronal signals between cells located
in the same or different organs. For example, the rapid hyperventilation
evoked by acute hypoxia or HCN inhalation, mediated by
a neural reflex initiated by glomus cells in the carotid body. These
chemosensitive cells generate a Ca2+ signal via the above-described
AMP-sensor, AMPK, which becomes activated by hypoxia or CN−
through impairment of oxidative phosphorylation in these cells,
causing rise in the AMP/ATP ratio (Evans et al., 2005). Besides
CN−, mitochondrial electron transport inhibitors (e.g., rotenone,
antimycin A, myxothiazole), uncouplers (e.g., 2,4-dinitrophenol)
or ATP-synthase inhibitors (e.g., oligomycin) (see Table 3-6 and
Fig. 3-13) as well as AMPK activators mimic the response to hypoxia
in these cells. There are numerous other neurohumoral adaptive
mechanisms in the body, such as the sympathetic reflex as
well as activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in response
to hypotension, and the feedback systems between endocrine
glands and the hypothalamus-hypophysis, which correct abnormal
hormone levels. For information on these and other mechanisms,
the reader is referred to textbooks of physiology.

Results (Indonesian) 2:

Adaptasi dengan neurohumoral Mekanisme Ada banyak
tanggapan adaptif terhadap disfungsi organ atau sistem organ yang
dimediasi oleh sinyal humoral atau neuron antara sel-sel yang terletak
di organ yang sama atau berbeda. Sebagai contoh, hiperventilasi cepat
ditimbulkan oleh hipoksia akut atau HCN inhalasi, dimediasi oleh
refleks saraf yang diprakarsai oleh sel glomus dalam tubuh karotis. Ini
sel kemosensitif menghasilkan Ca2 + sinyal melalui diuraikan di atas
AMP-sensor, AMPK, yang menjadi aktif dengan hipoksia atau CN-
melalui penurunan fosforilasi oksidatif dalam sel-sel ini,
menyebabkan kenaikan AMP / rasio ATP (Evans et al., 2005 ). Selain
CN-, mitokondria elektron transportasi inhibitor (misalnya, rotenone,
antimycin A, myxothiazole), uncouplers (misalnya, 2,4-dinitrofenol)
atau inhibitor ATP-sintase (misalnya, oligomycin) (lihat Tabel 3-6 dan
Gambar. 3- 13) serta aktivator AMPK meniru respon terhadap hipoksia
di sel-sel ini. Ada banyak lainnya neurohumoral adaptif
mekanisme di dalam tubuh, seperti refleks simpatik sebagai
serta aktivasi sistem renin-angiotensin-aldosteron dalam menanggapi
hipotensi, dan sistem umpan balik antara endokrin
kelenjar dan hipotalamus-hipofisis, yang benar yang abnormal
hormon tingkat. Untuk informasi tentang mekanisme ini dan lainnya,
pembaca disebut buku teks fisiologi.