Notably, they report that research indicates that older taxpayers and  translation - Notably, they report that research indicates that older taxpayers and  Indonesian how to say

Notably, they report that research

Notably, they report that research indicates that older taxpayers and females overestimate the probability of detection and are hence more compliant. People in the middle and high incomes are more compliant than people on lower incomes although factors such as the education level of taxpayers and the source of income are also found to be influential. Self-employed people have a greater opportunity to evade tax than employed taxpayers who pay tax at source under the PAYE scheme. On the influence of ethics on taxpayer compliance, Jackson and Milliron state that ‘taxpayer ethics are a nebulous concept to define’. Research by Westat cited by Jackson and Milliron came to the conclusion that ‘taxpayers were generally ambivalent about whether tax cheating, especially when small amounts were involved, is morally wrong’. An attempt to link tax compliance with morality and ethics was made in research carried out by Wallace and Wolfe (1995). In this research, compliance with tax laws was used as a surrogate for ethical behaviour. The empirical research suggested that the threat of a tax audit prompted taxpayers to comply. The level of compliance was even greater when the source of income was perceived to be readily and independently verifiable, for example bank or building society interest. They conclude:
If obeying tax laws is seen as a desirable attribute of ethical behaviour and such behaviour is enhanced by improved deterrents through audit procedures, then one means of encouraging ethical behaviour is via improved audit procedures. (1995:164)
Bailey (1995), in a critique of Wallace and Wolfe’s paper, questions whether complying with tax laws is in fact ethical behaviour. Bailey suggests that there is no common ground in the dictionary definitions of the words ‘compliance’ and ‘ethics’. Compliance suggests ‘following’ whereas ethics suggests ‘leading’. He states: ‘Cheating on tax is not ethical but does this mean that complying is being ethical?’ Complying with a law which the individual believes to be morally wrong could be in fact behaving in an unethical manner. The wholesale rejection of the poll tax in the United Kingdom is an example of taxpayers’ noncompliance with tax legislation which was deemed to be unfair. However, many taxpayers paid their poll tax, and hence complied with tax law. If they believed the poll tax to be unfair, were they behaving unethically? Reckers et al . (1994) recognised that taxpayers do not have a homogeneous viewpoint as regards whether evading tax is a moral issue. They identified that some taxpayers viewed the paying of tax as an ethically correct thing to do, and examined the influence of ethical beliefs
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Notably, they report that research indicates that older taxpayers and females overestimate the probability of detection and are hence more compliant. People in the middle and high incomes are more compliant than people on lower incomes although factors such as the education level of taxpayers and the source of income are also found to be influential. Self-employed people have a greater opportunity to evade tax than employed taxpayers who pay tax at source under the PAYE scheme. On the influence of ethics on taxpayer compliance, Jackson and Milliron state that ‘taxpayer ethics are a nebulous concept to define’. Research by Westat cited by Jackson and Milliron came to the conclusion that ‘taxpayers were generally ambivalent about whether tax cheating, especially when small amounts were involved, is morally wrong’. An attempt to link tax compliance with morality and ethics was made in research carried out by Wallace and Wolfe (1995). In this research, compliance with tax laws was used as a surrogate for ethical behaviour. The empirical research suggested that the threat of a tax audit prompted taxpayers to comply. The level of compliance was even greater when the source of income was perceived to be readily and independently verifiable, for example bank or building society interest. They conclude:If obeying tax laws is seen as a desirable attribute of ethical behaviour and such behaviour is enhanced by improved deterrents through audit procedures, then one means of encouraging ethical behaviour is via improved audit procedures. (1995:164)Bailey (1995), in a critique of Wallace and Wolfe’s paper, questions whether complying with tax laws is in fact ethical behaviour. Bailey suggests that there is no common ground in the dictionary definitions of the words ‘compliance’ and ‘ethics’. Compliance suggests ‘following’ whereas ethics suggests ‘leading’. He states: ‘Cheating on tax is not ethical but does this mean that complying is being ethical?’ Complying with a law which the individual believes to be morally wrong could be in fact behaving in an unethical manner. The wholesale rejection of the poll tax in the United Kingdom is an example of taxpayers’ noncompliance with tax legislation which was deemed to be unfair. However, many taxpayers paid their poll tax, and hence complied with tax law. If they believed the poll tax to be unfair, were they behaving unethically? Reckers et al . (1994) recognised that taxpayers do not have a homogeneous viewpoint as regards whether evading tax is a moral issue. They identified that some taxpayers viewed the paying of tax as an ethically correct thing to do, and examined the influence of ethical beliefs
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Khususnya, mereka melaporkan bahwa penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pembayar pajak yang lebih tua dan wanita melebih-lebihkan kemungkinan deteksi dan karenanya lebih sesuai. Orang-orang di pendapatan menengah dan tinggi lebih sesuai dibandingkan orang yang berpenghasilan rendah meskipun faktor-faktor seperti tingkat pendidikan wajib pajak dan sumber pendapatan juga ditemukan berpengaruh. Orang wiraswasta memiliki kesempatan lebih besar untuk menghindari pajak dari wajib pajak yang dipekerjakan yang membayar pajak pada sumber di bawah skema Paye. Tentang pengaruh etika pada kepatuhan wajib pajak, Jackson dan Milliron menyatakan bahwa 'etika wajib pajak adalah konsep samar-samar untuk mendefinisikan'. Penelitian oleh Westat dikutip oleh Jackson dan Milliron sampai pada kesimpulan bahwa 'pembayar pajak umumnya ambivalen tentang apakah kecurangan pajak, terutama ketika jumlah kecil terlibat, adalah salah secara moral'. Upaya untuk menghubungkan kepatuhan pajak dengan moralitas dan etika dibuat dalam penelitian yang dilakukan oleh Wallace dan Wolfe (1995). Dalam penelitian ini, sesuai dengan undang-undang pajak digunakan sebagai pengganti untuk perilaku etis. Penelitian empiris menunjukkan bahwa ancaman audit pajak wajib pajak diminta untuk mematuhi. Tingkat kepatuhan bahkan lebih besar ketika sumber pendapatan yang dianggap mudah dan mandiri diverifikasi, misalnya bank atau bunga masyarakat bangunan. Mereka menyimpulkan:
Jika mematuhi undang-undang pajak dipandang sebagai atribut yang diinginkan dari perilaku etis dan perilaku tersebut ditingkatkan dengan peningkatan pencegah melalui prosedur audit, maka salah satu cara untuk mendorong perilaku etis adalah melalui prosedur audit ditingkatkan. (1995: 164)
Bailey (1995), dalam kritik dari Wallace dan Wolfe kertas, pertanyaan apakah sesuai dengan undang-undang pajak sebenarnya perilaku etis. Bailey menunjukkan bahwa tidak ada kesamaan dalam definisi kamus dari kata-kata 'kepatuhan' dan 'etika'. Kepatuhan menunjukkan 'berikut' sedangkan etika menyarankan 'terkemuka'. Dia menyatakan: 'Kecurangan pajak tidak etis tapi apakah ini berarti sesuai yang sedang etis?' Mematuhi hukum yang individu percaya untuk menjadi salah secara moral bisa sebenarnya berperilaku dengan cara yang tidak etis. Penolakan grosir pajak jajak pendapat di Inggris adalah contoh dari ketidakpatuhan wajib pajak 'dengan undang-undang pajak yang dianggap tidak adil. Namun, banyak wajib pajak membayar pajak jajak pendapat mereka, dan karenanya memenuhi hukum pajak. Jika mereka percaya pajak jajak pendapat tidak adil, sedang mereka berperilaku tidak etis? Reckers dkk. (1994) mengakui bahwa wajib pajak tidak memiliki sudut pandang yang homogen dalam hal apakah menghindari pajak adalah masalah moral. Mereka mengidentifikasi bahwa beberapa wajib pajak yang membayar dilihat dari pajak sebagai hal etis yang benar untuk dilakukan, dan meneliti pengaruh keyakinan etis
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