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5.10 Adjuvants in anesthesia and postoperative painA number of adjuvants have been added to the intrathecal local anaesthetics forsupplementation of intraoperative anaesthesia and postoperative analgesia. They haveadvantages as they reduce the dose of local anaesthetic; provide long lasting postoperativeanalgesia with reduced incidence of central nervous system depression, motor effects orhypotension.Ketamine is an intravenous (IV) anesthetic with analgesic properties in subanesthetic doses,secondary to its action on the NMDA receptor. Several trials are investigating the use oflow-dose ketamine for managing postoperative pain. The effect of adding ketamine tomorphine for postoperative patient-controlled analgesia (PCA), compared with usingmorphine alone was investigated in six trials involving 330 patients. Only one trial inpatients undergoing lumbar microdiscectomy39 showed a beneficial effect of addingketamine. There were no analgesic effects of ketamine in the other five studies in patientsundergoing abdominal surgery 41. Adverse effects including vivid dreams, hallucinations,dysphoria, and disorientation were increased in ketamine-treated patients in two studies.
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