6 Thriving in OrganizationsGretchen M. Spreitzer and Kathleen M. Sutcl translation - 6 Thriving in OrganizationsGretchen M. Spreitzer and Kathleen M. Sutcl Indonesian how to say

6 Thriving in OrganizationsGretchen

6 Thriving in Organizations
Gretchen M. Spreitzer and Kathleen M. Sutcliffe
Consider these contrasting images of individuals in relation to their work.
Slow death
• ‘Here we house the legions of the walking dead.’ When people join the legions of the walking dead, they begin to live lives of quiet desperation. They tend to experience feelings of meaninglessness, hopelessness, and impotence in their work roles. (Quinn, 1996: 20) • ‘Seventy-five percent of our middle managers have opted for peace and pay.’ Peace and pay means don’t rock the boat, maintain the status quo, keep your head in a shell, come in at eight and leave at five, don’t take any risks. (Quinn, 1996: 22) In slow death, employees are stagnant, stale, and lifeless. Now consider a different image of individuals at work.
Thriving at work
• Thriving is about ‘being energized, feeling valued, feeling what you do is valuable. For me thriving is a sense of connectedness. Feeling good about what you do … So thriving is being productive, still being able to learn new things … I think thriving is being open to challenges presented and to learn and grow, and having those opportunities to grow.’ (A mid-level manager in a large metropolitan non profit; Spreitzer et al., 2005: 38) • ‘... I know thriving as I feel it. It is like going forward. It is not staying in place. It is not stagnant. You are moving forward; not necessarily in job
titles or positions, but just being able to move forward thinking and in the activities that you are engaged in and in your mindset, all of those things.’ (A social worker; Spreitzer et al., 2005: 538)
In these thriving images, individuals are growing, full of life, and engaged. While both slow death and thriving depict actual organizational realities, we know much more about the causes of slow death than of thriving. In the organization studies literature, work contexts are often
blamed for their untoward consequences on individuals. And many studies have shown the ways in which work contexts cause stress and contribute to health problems (e.g. French et al., 1982; Wright and Cropanzano, 1998; Danna and Griffin, 1999). However, as the thriving images reflect, work contexts can do more than generate stress and corrode health. They can enable employees to thrive and thereby can contribute positively to their health and well-being (Harter et al., 2003).
This chapter provides an introduction and overview of research on thriving in organizations. We build on a small but growing body of research that suggests that when people have opportunities to thrive at work, positive outcomes follow. And because thriving may offer key insights into how work contexts can positively enable individuals, we seek to understand the process of thriving at work. We define thriving at work, examine key outcomes of thriving, and articulate the mechanisms through which features of work contexts produce their salutary effects. In doing so, we shift the research away from a focus on the negative aspects of work and work contexts
(e.g. stress factors) to a focus on the positive, enabling potential of work contexts. We also begin to explore the notion of collective thriving.
What is thriving?
In medicine, there is a diagnosis pertaining to infants and the frail elderly known as failure to thrive. A ‘failure to thrive’ diagnosis is denoted by an acute lack of growth and is manifest in listlessness, immobility, apathy, and lack of an appetite (Bakwin, 1949). While failure to thrive focuses on not growing, thriving then is about personal growth and development. We draw on the work of Spreitzer et al. (2005: 538) to define thriving as ‘the psychological state in which individuals experience both a sense of vitality and a sense of learning at work’. Vitality refers to the positive feeling
of having energy available (Nix et al., 1999). Learning refers to the sense that one is acquiring, and can apply, knowledge and skills. To bring these dimensions of thriving alive, consider these narratives from two employees about their experiences of thriving at work (drawn from qualitative work conducted as part of Sonenshein et al., 2006): • ‘Feeling that there’s some upper thrust to your life instead of just mediocrity
going on.’ • ‘When you can look back and you can see how far that you have prospered, when you can see how far that you have advanced, when you can see how far, just see how far you’ve come.’
These quotes capture thriving as the joint experience of vitality and learning. According to Spreitzer and colleagues (2005), both vitality and learning are essential components of thriving. If one is learning, but feels depleted and burned out, one is not thriving. When thriving, individuals feel alive and vibrant – they have a zest for life (Miller and Stiver, 1998). Conversely, if one is energized, but finds his or her learning to be stagnant, that person is not thriving. Consequently, these two dimensions encompass both the affective (vitality) and cognitive (learning) dimensions of psychological experience. Moreover, the definition of thriving as growing in terms of both learning and vitality captures both the hedonic (vitality) and eudaimonic (learning) aspects of psychological functioning and development (Waterman, 1993). Thriving as conceived by Spreitzer and colleagues is closely aligned with perspectives on personal growth (e.g. Carver, 1998; Ryff, 1989). Ryff (1989: 1072), for example, suggests that when individuals grow, they consider themselves to be expanding in ways that reflect enhanced selfknowledge and effectiveness. Thriving reflects ‘continually developing and becoming, rather than achieving a fixed state wherein one is fully developed’ (Ryff, 1989: 1071). Individuals have a sense of realizing their own potential and seeing improvement in the self and their behaviors over time (Ryff, 1989). Likewise, Carver (1998) conceives of thriving as the psychological experience of growth in a positive capacity (i.e. a constructive or forward direction). The learning element of this definition of thriving is also consistent with Ryff and Keyes’ (1995) personal development element of psychological well-being. In short, thriving involves active, intentional engagement in the process of personal growth. But thriving is not a dichotomous state. As Spreitzer et al. (2005) point out; thriving is a continuum where people are more or less thriving at any point in time. And individuals can experience a range of thriving experiences rather than experiencing thriving or not thriving. And thriving is a psychological state and not an individual disposition. Individuals’ thriving is malleable and shaped by their work context. Depending on a person’s work context, he or she can experience thriving as increasing, decreasing, or constant in comparison to the person’s thriving at a previous point in time. Recent research on peoples’ experience of thriving at work (Sonenshein et al., 2006) demonstrates that everyone has had thriving experiences at work. No one was stumped when they were asked to describe an experience of thriving at work. And interestingly, when asked to reflect on an experience of thriving at work, people appear to focus on a past experience rather than a current experience. There are several plausible explanations for why this might be the case. First, people may remember past experiences more positively than present experiences. We may filter out the negative elements of past experiences. As such, we may remember past experiences as being ones in which we were thriving. Second, although it is clear that people can sense their current level of vitality or energy, it may be more difficult for them to gauge the extent to which they are learning in the moment. As a result, people may see more learning in
past experiences than current experiences.
Why does thriving matter? Some outcomes of thriving at work
Thriving is associated with important individual and organizational outcomes.

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6 Thriving in OrganizationsGretchen M. Spreitzer and Kathleen M. SutcliffeConsider these contrasting images of individuals in relation to their work.Slow death• ‘Here we house the legions of the walking dead.’ When people join the legions of the walking dead, they begin to live lives of quiet desperation. They tend to experience feelings of meaninglessness, hopelessness, and impotence in their work roles. (Quinn, 1996: 20) • ‘Seventy-five percent of our middle managers have opted for peace and pay.’ Peace and pay means don’t rock the boat, maintain the status quo, keep your head in a shell, come in at eight and leave at five, don’t take any risks. (Quinn, 1996: 22) In slow death, employees are stagnant, stale, and lifeless. Now consider a different image of individuals at work.Thriving at work• Thriving is about ‘being energized, feeling valued, feeling what you do is valuable. For me thriving is a sense of connectedness. Feeling good about what you do … So thriving is being productive, still being able to learn new things … I think thriving is being open to challenges presented and to learn and grow, and having those opportunities to grow.’ (A mid-level manager in a large metropolitan non profit; Spreitzer et al., 2005: 38) • ‘... I know thriving as I feel it. It is like going forward. It is not staying in place. It is not stagnant. You are moving forward; not necessarily in jobtitles or positions, but just being able to move forward thinking and in the activities that you are engaged in and in your mindset, all of those things.’ (A social worker; Spreitzer et al., 2005: 538)In these thriving images, individuals are growing, full of life, and engaged. While both slow death and thriving depict actual organizational realities, we know much more about the causes of slow death than of thriving. In the organization studies literature, work contexts are oftenblamed for their untoward consequences on individuals. And many studies have shown the ways in which work contexts cause stress and contribute to health problems (e.g. French et al., 1982; Wright and Cropanzano, 1998; Danna and Griffin, 1999). However, as the thriving images reflect, work contexts can do more than generate stress and corrode health. They can enable employees to thrive and thereby can contribute positively to their health and well-being (Harter et al., 2003).This chapter provides an introduction and overview of research on thriving in organizations. We build on a small but growing body of research that suggests that when people have opportunities to thrive at work, positive outcomes follow. And because thriving may offer key insights into how work contexts can positively enable individuals, we seek to understand the process of thriving at work. We define thriving at work, examine key outcomes of thriving, and articulate the mechanisms through which features of work contexts produce their salutary effects. In doing so, we shift the research away from a focus on the negative aspects of work and work contexts(e.g. stress factors) to a focus on the positive, enabling potential of work contexts. We also begin to explore the notion of collective thriving.What is thriving?In medicine, there is a diagnosis pertaining to infants and the frail elderly known as failure to thrive. A ‘failure to thrive’ diagnosis is denoted by an acute lack of growth and is manifest in listlessness, immobility, apathy, and lack of an appetite (Bakwin, 1949). While failure to thrive focuses on not growing, thriving then is about personal growth and development. We draw on the work of Spreitzer et al. (2005: 538) to define thriving as ‘the psychological state in which individuals experience both a sense of vitality and a sense of learning at work’. Vitality refers to the positive feelingof having energy available (Nix et al., 1999). Learning refers to the sense that one is acquiring, and can apply, knowledge and skills. To bring these dimensions of thriving alive, consider these narratives from two employees about their experiences of thriving at work (drawn from qualitative work conducted as part of Sonenshein et al., 2006): • ‘Feeling that there’s some upper thrust to your life instead of just mediocritygoing on.’ • ‘When you can look back and you can see how far that you have prospered, when you can see how far that you have advanced, when you can see how far, just see how far you’ve come.’These quotes capture thriving as the joint experience of vitality and learning. According to Spreitzer and colleagues (2005), both vitality and learning are essential components of thriving. If one is learning, but feels depleted and burned out, one is not thriving. When thriving, individuals feel alive and vibrant – they have a zest for life (Miller and Stiver, 1998). Conversely, if one is energized, but finds his or her learning to be stagnant, that person is not thriving. Consequently, these two dimensions encompass both the affective (vitality) and cognitive (learning) dimensions of psychological experience. Moreover, the definition of thriving as growing in terms of both learning and vitality captures both the hedonic (vitality) and eudaimonic (learning) aspects of psychological functioning and development (Waterman, 1993). Thriving as conceived by Spreitzer and colleagues is closely aligned with perspectives on personal growth (e.g. Carver, 1998; Ryff, 1989). Ryff (1989: 1072), for example, suggests that when individuals grow, they consider themselves to be expanding in ways that reflect enhanced selfknowledge and effectiveness. Thriving reflects ‘continually developing and becoming, rather than achieving a fixed state wherein one is fully developed’ (Ryff, 1989: 1071). Individuals have a sense of realizing their own potential and seeing improvement in the self and their behaviors over time (Ryff, 1989). Likewise, Carver (1998) conceives of thriving as the psychological experience of growth in a positive capacity (i.e. a constructive or forward direction). The learning element of this definition of thriving is also consistent with Ryff and Keyes’ (1995) personal development element of psychological well-being. In short, thriving involves active, intentional engagement in the process of personal growth. But thriving is not a dichotomous state. As Spreitzer et al. (2005) point out; thriving is a continuum where people are more or less thriving at any point in time. And individuals can experience a range of thriving experiences rather than experiencing thriving or not thriving. And thriving is a psychological state and not an individual disposition. Individuals’ thriving is malleable and shaped by their work context. Depending on a person’s work context, he or she can experience thriving as increasing, decreasing, or constant in comparison to the person’s thriving at a previous point in time. Recent research on peoples’ experience of thriving at work (Sonenshein et al., 2006) demonstrates that everyone has had thriving experiences at work. No one was stumped when they were asked to describe an experience of thriving at work. And interestingly, when asked to reflect on an experience of thriving at work, people appear to focus on a past experience rather than a current experience. There are several plausible explanations for why this might be the case. First, people may remember past experiences more positively than present experiences. We may filter out the negative elements of past experiences. As such, we may remember past experiences as being ones in which we were thriving. Second, although it is clear that people can sense their current level of vitality or energy, it may be more difficult for them to gauge the extent to which they are learning in the moment. As a result, people may see more learning inpast experiences than current experiences. Why does thriving matter? Some outcomes of thriving at workThriving is associated with important individual and organizational outcomes.
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6 Berkembang di Organisasi
Gretchen M. Spreitzer dan Kathleen M. Sutcliffe
Pertimbangkan gambar kontras individu dalam kaitannya dengan pekerjaan mereka.
Kematian Lambat
• 'Di sini kita rumah legiun orang mati berjalan.' Ketika orang-orang bergabung dengan legiun orang mati berjalan, mereka mulai hidup dari keputusasaan. Mereka cenderung mengalami perasaan berartinya, putus asa, dan impotensi pada peran pekerjaan mereka. (Quinn, 1996: 20) • 'Tujuh puluh lima persen dari manajer menengah kami telah memilih untuk perdamaian dan membayar. " Perdamaian dan membayar berarti tidak batu perahu, mempertahankan status quo, menjaga kepala Anda di shell, datang pada delapan dan meninggalkan lima, tidak mengambil risiko. (Quinn, 1996: 22) Dalam kematian yang lambat, karyawan stagnan, basi, dan tak bernyawa. Sekarang perhatikan gambar yang berbeda dari individu di tempat kerja.
Thriving di tempat kerja
• Berkembang adalah tentang 'diberi energi, merasa dihargai, merasa apa yang Anda lakukan adalah berharga. Bagi saya berkembang adalah rasa keterhubungan. Merasa baik tentang apa yang Anda lakukan ... Jadi berkembang adalah menjadi produktif, masih bisa belajar hal-hal baru ... Aku pikir berkembang sedang terbuka untuk tantangan yang disajikan dan belajar dan tumbuh, dan memiliki peluang-peluang untuk tumbuh. " (Seorang manajer tingkat menengah dalam nirlaba metropolitan besar; Spreitzer dkk, 2005:. 38) • '... Aku tahu berkembang karena saya merasa itu. Hal ini seperti pergi ke depan. Hal ini tidak tinggal di tempat. Hal ini tidak stagnan. Anda bergerak maju; tidak harus dalam pekerjaan
judul atau posisi, tapi hanya bisa bergerak maju berpikir dan dalam kegiatan yang Anda terlibat dalam dan di pola pikir Anda, semua hal-hal. ' (Seorang pekerja sosial; Spreitzer dkk, 2005:. 538)
Dalam gambar berkembang, individu tumbuh, penuh kehidupan, dan terlibat. Sementara kedua kematian yang lambat dan menggambarkan orang yang berkembang realitas organisasi yang sebenarnya, kita tahu lebih banyak tentang penyebab kematian lambat daripada berkembang. Dalam literatur penelitian organisasi, konteks kerja sering
disalahkan untuk konsekuensi yang tak diinginkan mereka pada individu. Dan banyak penelitian telah menunjukkan cara di mana konteks kerja menyebabkan stres dan berkontribusi untuk masalah kesehatan (misalnya Perancis et al, 1982;. Wright dan Cropanzano, 1998; Danna dan Griffin, 1999). Namun, seperti gambar berkembang mencerminkan, konteks kerja dapat melakukan lebih dari menghasilkan stres dan menimbulkan korosi kesehatan. Mereka dapat memungkinkan karyawan untuk berkembang dan dengan demikian dapat memberikan kontribusi positif terhadap kesehatan dan kesejahteraan (Harter et al., 2003).
Bab ini berisi pengenalan dan ikhtisar penelitian tentang berkembang dalam organisasi. Kami membangun tubuh kecil namun tumbuh dari penelitian yang menunjukkan bahwa ketika orang memiliki kesempatan untuk berkembang di tempat kerja, hasil positif mengikuti. Dan karena berkembang mungkin menawarkan wawasan kunci ke dalam bagaimana konteks kerja positif dapat memungkinkan individu, kita berusaha untuk memahami proses berkembang di tempat kerja. Kami mendefinisikan berkembang di tempat kerja, memeriksa hasil utama dari berkembang, dan mengartikulasikan mekanisme melalui yang menampilkan konteks pekerjaan menghasilkan efek yang bermanfaat mereka. Dalam melakukannya, kita menggeser penelitian jauh dari fokus pada aspek-aspek negatif dari pekerjaan dan bekerja konteks
(misalnya faktor stres) untuk fokus pada positif, yang memungkinkan potensi konteks kerja. Kami juga mulai mengeksplorasi gagasan kolektif berkembang.
Apa yang berkembang?
Dalam pengobatan, ada diagnosis yang berkaitan dengan bayi dan orang tua lemah dikenal sebagai gagal tumbuh. A 'gagal tumbuh' diagnosis dilambangkan oleh kurangnya akut pertumbuhan dan terwujud dalam kelesuan, imobilitas, apatis, dan kurangnya nafsu makan (Bakwin, 1949). Sementara gagal tumbuh berfokus pada tidak tumbuh, berkembang kemudian adalah tentang pertumbuhan pribadi dan pengembangan. Kita menarik pada karya Spreitzer dkk. (2005: 538) mendefinisikan berkembang sebagai 'keadaan psikologis di mana individu mengalami baik rasa vitalitas dan rasa belajar di tempat kerja'. Vitalitas mengacu pada perasaan positif
memiliki energi yang tersedia (Nix et al., 1999). Belajar mengacu pada pengertian satu yang memperoleh, dan dapat menerapkan, pengetahuan dan keterampilan. Untuk membawa dimensi-dimensi berkembang hidup, pertimbangkan kisah ini dari dua karyawan tentang pengalaman mereka dari berkembang di tempat kerja (diambil dari pekerjaan kualitatif dilakukan sebagai bagian dari Sonenshein et al, 2006.): • 'Merasa bahwa ada beberapa dorong atas hidup Anda bukan hanya biasa-biasa saja
terjadi. " • 'Ketika Anda dapat melihat kembali dan Anda dapat melihat seberapa jauh Anda telah makmur, bila Anda dapat melihat seberapa jauh Anda telah maju, ketika Anda dapat melihat seberapa jauh, hanya melihat seberapa jauh Anda telah datang.'
Kutipan ini menangkap berkembang sebagai pengalaman bersama vitalitas dan pembelajaran. Menurut Spreitzer dan rekan (2005), baik vitalitas dan pembelajaran merupakan komponen penting dari berkembang. Jika salah satu belajar, tapi merasa habis dan terbakar, satu tidak berkembang. Ketika berkembang, individu merasa hidup dan bersemangat - mereka memiliki semangat hidup (Miller dan Stiver, 1998). Sebaliknya, jika salah satu energi, tetapi menemukan nya belajar untuk menjadi stagnan, orang yang tidak berkembang. Akibatnya, dua dimensi ini mencakup baik afektif (vitalitas) dan kognitif (belajar) dimensi pengalaman psikologis. Selain itu, definisi berkembang sebagai berkembang baik dari segi pembelajaran dan vitalitas menangkap kedua hedonis (vitalitas) dan eudaimonic (pembelajaran) aspek fungsi psikologis dan pengembangan (Waterman, 1993). Berkembang sebagai dikandung oleh Spreitzer dan rekan berkaitan erat dengan perspektif tentang pertumbuhan pribadi (misalnya Carver, 1998; Ryff, 1989). Ryff (1989: 1072), misalnya, menunjukkan bahwa ketika individu tumbuh, mereka menganggap diri mereka memperluas dengan cara yang mencerminkan peningkatan selfknowledge dan efektivitas. Berkembang mencerminkan 'terus mengembangkan dan menjadi, daripada mencapai keadaan tetap dimana satu sepenuhnya dikembangkan' (Ryff, 1989: 1071). Individu memiliki rasa mewujudkan potensi mereka sendiri dan melihat perbaikan dalam diri dan perilaku mereka dari waktu ke waktu (Ryff, 1989). Demikian juga, Carver (1998) conceives dari berkembang sebagai pengalaman psikologis pertumbuhan dalam kapasitas yang positif (yaitu arah yang konstruktif atau maju). Unsur belajar dari definisi ini berkembang juga konsisten dengan Ryff dan Keyes 'elemen (1995) perkembangan pribadi kesejahteraan psikologis. Singkatnya, berkembang melibatkan aktif, keterlibatan yang disengaja dalam proses pertumbuhan pribadi. Tapi berkembang bukan negara dikotomis. Sebagai Spreitzer dkk. (2005) menunjukkan; berkembang adalah kontinum di mana orang lebih atau kurang berkembang pada setiap titik waktu. Dan individu dapat mengalami berbagai pengalaman berkembang daripada mengalami berkembang atau tidak berkembang. Dan berkembang adalah keadaan psikologis dan bukan disposisi individu. Individu berkembang ditempa dan dibentuk oleh konteks pekerjaan mereka. Tergantung pada konteks kerja seseorang, ia dapat mengalami berkembang sebagai peningkatan, penurunan, atau konstan dibandingkan dengan orang yang berkembang pada titik sebelumnya dalam waktu. Penelitian terbaru pada pengalaman rakyat dari berkembang di tempat kerja (Sonenshein et al., 2006) menunjukkan bahwa setiap orang telah memiliki pengalaman yang berkembang di tempat kerja. Tidak ada yang bingung ketika mereka diminta untuk menggambarkan pengalaman berkembang di tempat kerja. Dan yang menarik, ketika diminta untuk merefleksikan pengalaman berkembang di tempat kerja, orang muncul untuk fokus pada pengalaman masa lalu daripada pengalaman saat ini. Ada beberapa penjelasan yang masuk akal untuk mengapa hal ini mungkin terjadi. Pertama, orang mungkin ingat pengalaman masa lalu lebih positif dari pengalaman ini. Kita mungkin menyaring unsur-unsur negatif dari pengalaman masa lalu. Dengan demikian, kita mungkin ingat pengalaman masa lalu sebagai orang-orang di mana kami berkembang. Kedua, meskipun jelas bahwa orang dapat merasakan tingkat mereka saat vitalitas atau energi, mungkin lebih sulit bagi mereka untuk mengukur sejauh mana mereka belajar pada saat itu. Akibatnya, orang mungkin melihat belajar lebih dalam
pengalaman masa lalu dari pengalaman saat ini.
Peduli Mengapa berkembang? Beberapa hasil dari berkembang di tempat kerja
yang berkembang terkait dengan hasil individu dan organisasi yang penting.

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