2.2. Field methodsInitial sampling

2.2. Field methods
Initial sampling was conducted in 2007 in upland black spruce stands in the DMPF. Stands were generally dense with evidence of windthrow and downed wood. Balsam fir occurred in the understory, as well as some scattered paper birch, jack pine, and beaked hazel (Corylus cornuta Marsh). Undergrowth observations consisted of carpet of sphagnum and feather mosses, with common herbaceous species including Rubus idaeus Blanco, Lycopodium spp., Ledum groenlandicum Oeder, Viburnum spp., Cornus canadensis L., Vaccinium spp., and Equisetum spp. Six linear transects (5 100m) were established in the Clearwater Creek operating area along known root disease centers (identified by an inventory cruise carried out 5 years prior as well as from aerial reconnaissance flights) (Knowles, 2004, 2007). Along each transect, two increment cores at diameter at breast height (DBH, 1.3 m) were removed from every 10th living black spruce for a total of 144 cores. Two disks were also removed from the stem (one at the base and one at DBH) of each dead tree (standing or fallen) encountered along the transect, for a total of 392 cross sections. Data were recorded concerning the status and condition of the dead trees. All of the sampled dead trees were infected with Armillaria, and exhibited evidence of root and butt rot. In 2008, the same protocol was followed in the PPF and a total of 138 cores and 331 cross sections from black spruce were collected in the Rice Creek operating area.
In 2009, two transects in each region were revisited and site characteristics and species present were assessed. Transects 2 and 3 from each region were selected based on accessibility, average age, and absence of evidence of other disturbances (such as extended windthrow). Along each transect, five living trees with no visible symptoms of infection and five infected dead trees were selected for stem analysis (henceforth to be referred to as ‘asymptomatic’ and ‘infected’). Transects were divided into five 20 m segments, with one infected and one asymptomatic tree selected from each zone. Infected trees were chosen from stems that had been previously sampled by Manitoba Conservation in 2007/ 2008, including only those stems exempt of major rot or missing stem sections. Each infected tree was paired with an asymptomatic control tree sampled within the same zone and with a DBH within 1 cm of that of the infected tree to minimize size variation. Selected asymptomatic trees were at least 10.5 m from the transect (though the majority were over 20 m away). Only living trees showing no visible signs of infection were sampled. This was verified by a visual assessment for the symptoms of Armillaria root disease, completed by examining the tree for crown dieback, chlorosis, cracking and free-flowing sap in the bark near the base, white mycelial fans (under the bark both above, at, and below the root collar), as well as the presence of mycorrhizae in the surrounding soil (Hagle, 2006).
Stem analysis was conducted following Epp and Tardif (2004). Trees were felled and marked lengthwise with paint to indicate an orientation line. Perpendicular marks in a different color were made along the trunk at the base (0 m), 0.5, 1.3 and 2 m, and each subsequent 0.5 m until stem diameter was less than 2 cm. Total tree height was recorded and a cross-section disk removed at each marker. Site, tree number, and disk height were recorded on the upper side of the cross-section, as well as an orientation line corresponding with the upper side of the felled tree.
2.3. Laboratory analysis
In the laboratory, all samples pertaining to the 2007/2008 seasons were prepared and analyzed using standard dendrochronological procedures. Stem disks and cores were dried, sanded and cross-dated. The pointer year method of cross-dating was used (Yamaguchi, 1991) as well as chronologies previously developed for the region (Tardif, 2004; Girardin and Tardif, 2005). The date of origin and mortality (infected trees only) of all samples (base and DBH) was determined. A total of 126 living asymptomatic trees in the DMPF and 116 in the PPF were dated to determined year of origin, mortality, and longevity. Of the dead infected trees 338 and 140 cross-sections from the DMPF and PPF, respectively were cross-dated to determine year of origin, mortality, and longevity.

Results (Indonesian) 2:

2.2. Metode bidang
pengambilan sampel awal dilakukan pada tahun 2007 di cemara hitam dataran tinggi berdiri di DMPF. Berdiri umumnya padat dengan bukti windthrow dan kayu jatuh. Balsam cemara terjadi di understory, serta beberapa tersebar kertas birch, jack pinus, dan berparuh cokelat (Corylus cornuta Marsh). Pengamatan semak terdiri dari karpet sphagnum dan bulu lumut, dengan spesies herba umum termasuk Rubus idaeus Blanco, Lycopodium spp., Ledum groenlandicum Oeder, Viburnum spp., Cornus canadensis L., Vaccinium spp., Dan Equisetum spp. Enam transek linear (5 100m) didirikan di daerah operasi Clearwater Creek bersama pusat penyakit akar dikenal (diidentifikasi oleh cruise persediaan dilakukan 5 tahun sebelum maupun dari penerbangan pengintaian udara) (Knowles, 2004, 2007). Sepanjang setiap transek, dua core kenaikan di diameter setinggi dada (DBH, 1,3 m) telah dihapus dari setiap 10 tinggal cemara hitam untuk total 144 core. Dua disk juga dihapus dari batang (satu di dasar dan satu di DBH) dari masing-masing pohon mati (berdiri atau jatuh) ditemui di sepanjang transek, untuk total 392 penampang. Data dicatat mengenai status dan kondisi pohon mati. Semua pohon mati sampel terinfeksi Armillaria, dan dipamerkan bukti akar dan pantat busuk. Pada tahun 2008, protokol yang sama diikuti dalam PPF dan total 138 core dan 331 bagian silang dari cemara hitam dikumpulkan di daerah operasi Beras Creek.
Pada tahun 2009, dua transek di masing-masing daerah yang ditinjau kembali dan karakteristik situs dan spesies hadir dinilai. Transek 2 dan 3 dari masing-masing daerah dipilih berdasarkan aksesibilitas, usia rata-rata, dan tidak adanya bukti gangguan lainnya (seperti windthrow diperpanjang). Sepanjang setiap transek, lima pohon hidup tanpa terlihat gejala infeksi dan lima pohon mati yang terinfeksi dipilih untuk analisis batang (selanjutnya akan disebut sebagai 'tanpa gejala' dan 'terinfeksi'). Transek dibagi menjadi lima 20 m segmen, dengan satu terinfeksi dan satu pohon tanpa gejala yang dipilih dari masing-masing zona. Pohon yang terinfeksi dipilih dari batang yang sebelumnya telah sampel oleh Conservation Manitoba di 2007/2008, termasuk hanya mereka batang dibebaskan dari busuk utama atau hilang bagian batang. Setiap pohon yang terinfeksi dipasangkan dengan pohon kontrol asimtomatik sampel dalam zona yang sama dan dengan DBH dalam 1 cm dari yang dari pohon yang terinfeksi untuk meminimalkan variasi ukuran. Dipilih pohon asimtomatik setidaknya 10,5 m dari transek (meskipun mayoritas adalah lebih dari 20 m). Pohon hanya hidup tidak menunjukkan tanda-tanda infeksi yang disampel. Hal ini diverifikasi oleh penilaian visual untuk gejala Armillaria penyakit akar, selesai dengan memeriksa pohon untuk mahkota dieback, klorosis, retak dan getah yang mengalir bebas di kulit dekat pangkalan, penggemar miselium putih (di bawah kulit baik di atas, di , dan di bawah kerah akar), serta kehadiran mikoriza di tanah sekitarnya (hagle, 2006).
Stem analisis dilakukan berikut Epp dan Tardif (2004). Pohon ditebang dan ditandai memanjang dengan cat untuk menunjukkan garis orientasi. Tanda tegak lurus dalam warna yang berbeda dibuat sepanjang batang di dasar (0 m), 0,5, 1,3 dan 2 m, dan masing-masing 0,5 m sampai diameter batang berikutnya adalah kurang dari 2 cm. Tinggi pohon total tercatat dan lintas-bagian disk dihapus pada setiap penanda. Situs, jumlah pohon, dan disk tinggi tercatat di sisi atas dari penampang, serta garis orientasi yang sesuai dengan sisi atas ditebang pohon.
2.3. Analisis laboratorium
Di laboratorium, semua sampel yang berkaitan dengan 2007/2008 musim siap dan dianalisis menggunakan prosedur dendrochronological standar. Stem disk dan inti dikeringkan, diampelas dan lintas-tanggal. Pointer Metode tahun cross-kencan digunakan (Yamaguchi, 1991) serta kronologi sebelumnya dikembangkan untuk wilayah (Tardif, 2004; Girardin dan Tardif, 2005). Tanggal asal dan mortalitas (terinfeksi pohon saja) dari semua sampel (dasar dan DBH) ditentukan. Sebanyak 126 hidup pohon asimtomatik di DMPF dan 116 di PPF adalah tanggal ke tahun ditentukan asal, kematian, dan umur panjang. Pohon yang terinfeksi mati 338 dan 140 lintas-bagian dari DMPF dan PPF, masing-masing adalah cross-tanggal untuk menentukan tahun asal, kematian, dan umur panjang.