ฉันรักแปล - การแปลออนไลน์ - เว็บไซต์แปล - เครื่องมือการแปล - แปลข้อความ - แปลตามเนื้อความ - http://th.ilovetranslation.com/Confucianism was adopted as the official ideology. It prescribed a pattern of ethical con- duct among people in a fixed hierarchy. Its emphasis was on the duty toward the people of higher hierarchy, not on the rights. The Confucian ideals included filial piety, loyalty, submis- sion to authority, and maintenance of social order [Anderson 1975: 5). Thus Confucian books were the core of curriculum in government schools. They were useful to inculcate loyalty among retainers toward their lords. Education for non-samurai masses, however, was not con- sidered a governmental responsibility. Different types of schools developed, partly though charity, in response to an economic demand. These schools were normally called terakoya (temple schoos) in western Japan or tenarai-sko (writing schools) in Edo (Dore 1984: 252). Terakoya teachers were drawn from Buddhist and Shinto priests, unemployed samurai, wealthy retired farmers, and some former court women. Tuition fee was low since the relation between pupils and parents on the one hand and teachers on the other was more than simply an economic one. Learning was too respected to be treated as a commodity. Many people taught because they felt it was their duty to pass on their knowledge to the next generation as well as to be useful to society [ibid.: 260]. These schools taught not only how Confucian books on morality, but also such subjects as the use of abacus and writing business letters. There were many hundreds of textbooks which the teachers could select to match the need of their students [ibid.: 276]. As to vocational training for commoners, Japan in the Tokugawa era had a highly devel to read simple oped system of apprenticeship outside the family. The training was normally provided in large