Stylistic meaningStylistic meaning is the piece of language that conve translation - Stylistic meaningStylistic meaning is the piece of language that conve Indonesian how to say

Stylistic meaningStylistic meaning

Stylistic meaning
Stylistic meaning is the piece of language that conveys about the social circumstance of it use. The level of using the stylistic specified on the use of word in a sentence. Its features are based on the speakers/writers language, the topic, the date and the way the communication been presented.
Example:
Cast (Literary), Throw (general), Chuck (casual).
Affective meaning
The affective meaning is when the personal attitude of the speaker to the listener or to something he is talking about. This affects the outcome of the communication base on the tone of the voice. The example below show two meaning based on the tone of voice. The sentence may give two meaning as polite way or an offense way.
Example:
Will you sit down?
Reflected meaning
Reflected meaning is the meaning which arises in forms part of our response to another sense. When hearing needle the synonymous expressions painful.
Example:
Needle = pointed, piercing or sharp (conceptual meaning)
Needle = painful, blood or hospital (reflected meaning)
Collocative meaning
Collocative meaning consists of association with words which tend to occur in the environment of another word. The word pretty may have the below words in the example tagging alone. The word handsome may also have the below words tagging alone, but as you can see they differ in what will the word a company with. Not all the words in pretty have the same tag with is the same with handsome.
Example:
The Behaviorist
This school started at the early 1930 and until the late 1950s. The behaviorist approach to semantics has its classical representative in Bloomfield, who defines " the meaning of a linguistic form as situation in which the speaker utters it and the response which it calls forth in the hearer" (Bloomfield 1933 p.139)
“The difference between behaviorist and mentalist’s semantics is not as radical as has been claimed. Ogden and Richards, for example, gave an earlier behaviorist account of meaning which was clearly mentalist as well. In their definition, meaning is the engram of stimulus: "A sign is always a stimulus similar to some part of an original stimulus and sufficient to call up the engram formed by that stimulus. An engram is the residual trace of an adaptation made by the organism to a stimulus” (Ogden and Richards 1923 p.53). While both mentalist and behaviorism identify meaning as an event within an interpreting organism, behaviorism has emphasized the necessity of external empirical evidence for the discovery of these events. The impasse of behaviorist semantics is reached where meaning are understood but no reaction of the interpreter can be observed." (Winfried N. 1995 p. 100)
Leech explained the behaviorists as " Recent linguistics has emphasized the theoretical aspect of scientific investigation, the linguistics of the preceding era (roughly 1930 to 1960) gave pre-eminence to the empirical or obser¬vational aspect: an approach which manifested itself in the attempt to base meaning on context. Contextualism', as I shall call this tendency, has shown itself to be a relative failure, but it is important to study it, and take note of the reasons for its failure, if one is to understand present-day thinking in semantics.
Contextualism has a superficial attractiveness for anyone who aspires to the ideal of scientific objectivity. If meaning is discussed in terms of ideas, concepts, or internal mental states, it remains beyond the scope of scientific observation; so instead, goes the argument, we should study meaning in terms of situation, use, and context - outward and observable correlates of language behavior. As J. R. Firth, the leading British linguist of the period put it in 1930:

Find out more from UK Essays here: http://www.ukessays.com/essays/english-language/introducing-the-conceptual-and-associative-meanings-english-language-essay.php#ixzz3GqyLorze
If we regard language as 'expressive' or 'communicative' we imply that it is an instrument of inner mental states. And as we know so little of inner mental states, even by the most careful introspection, the language problem becomes more mysterious the more we try to explain it by referring it to inner mental happenings which are not observable. By regarding words as acts, events, habits, we limit our inquiry to what is objective in the group life of our fellows.
The best that can be said for such contextualist explanations there¬fore is that they correlate two sets of linguistic expressions (in itself not a futile procedure - but a different procedure from that which is apparently aimed at). The only way out of this circularity would be to resort to non-verbal characterisations of context (e.g. pointing to objects instead of describing them in language); in which case semantics would attain the absurd status of the science of the in¬effable.
In view of these defects, it is not surprising that in practice con¬textual semantics made little progress. Although there were many programmatic formulations and anecdotal illustrations of how the job might be done, virtually no systematic accounts of particular meanings in particular languages were produced. One achievement was to direct attention to the previously neglected areas of stylistic and collocative meaning. But in general contextualism had the opposite effect to that intended: it took the mind of the investigator away from, rather than towards, the exact study of data.
Recent work in semantics has returned to the mentalism' against which Firth, Bloomfield, and their contemporaries reacted. One might claim that this is simply recognition of common-sense reality: meaning actually is a mental phenomenon, and it is useless to try to pretend otherwise. Later in the chapter we shall pursue this further, and consider in what sense there can be a * science' of men¬tal phenomena. But first, let us at least acknowledge that there is some degree of common sense on the side of the contextualists — that context is an undeniably important factor in communication; and let us consider how this semantic role of context can be allowed for within a theory based on conceptual meaning.
More widely, we may say that specification of context (whether linguistic or non-linguistic) has the effect of narrowing down the communicative possibilities of the message as it exists in abstrac¬tion from context. This particularization of meaning can take place in at least the following ways:
Context eliminates certain ambiguities or multiple meanings in
the message.
Context indicates the referents of certain types of word we call
deictic.
(C) Context supplies information which the speaker/writer has omitted through ellipsis." (Leech 1974 p.71)
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Gaya maknaGaya makna adalah bagian dari bahasa yang menyampaikan tentang keadaan sosial itu menggunakan. Tingkat menggunakan gaya ditentukan pada penggunaan kata dalam kalimat. Fitur ini didasarkan pada bahasa pembicara penulis, topik, tanggal, dan cara komunikasi telah disajikan.Contoh:Cast (sastra), melempar (umum), Chuck (kasual).Afektif maknaMakna afektif adalah ketika sikap pribadi speaker untuk pendengar atau sesuatu yang ia bicarakan. Hal ini mempengaruhi hasil dari dasar nada komunikasi suara. Contoh di bawah menunjukkan dua makna berdasarkan nada suara. Kalimat yang dapat memberikan makna dua cara sopan atau menyinggung cara.Contoh:Akan Anda duduk?Tercermin berartiMakna tercermin adalah merupakan arti yang muncul dalam membentuk bagian dari tanggapan kita terhadap arti lain. Ketika mendengar jarum ekspresi identik yang menyakitkan.Contoh:Jarum = menunjuk, menusuk atau tajam (konseptual berarti)Jarum = menyakitkan, darah atau rumah sakit (tercermin berarti)Makna collocativeMakna collocative terdiri dari asosiasi dengan kata-kata yang cenderung terjadi di lingkungan dari kata lain. Kata cukup mungkin memiliki di bawah kata-kata dalam contoh penandaan sendirian. Kata tampan juga mungkin di bawah kata-kata yang menandai sendirian, tetapi karena Anda dapat melihat mereka berbeda dalam apa yang akan kata sebuah perusahaan dengan. Tidak semua kata-kata dalam cukup memiliki tag yang sama dengan adalah sama dengan tampan.Contoh:Perilaku hewanSekolah ini mulai pada awal 1930 dan hingga 1950. Pendekatan perilaku hewan semantik memiliki perwakilan klasik di Bloomfield, yang mendefinisikan "arti bentuk linguistik situasi di mana pembicara mengucapkan itu dan respon yang memanggil keluar di pendengar" (Bloomfield 1933 hal.139)"Perbedaan antara perilaku hewan dan semantik mentalist's bukanlah radikal seperti telah diklaim. Ogden dan Richards, misalnya, memberikan account perilaku hewan sebelumnya makna yang jelas mentalist juga. Definisi, arti adalah engram stimulus: "tanda adalah selalu stimulus mirip dengan beberapa bagian dari stimulus asli dan memadai untuk menelepon engram dibentuk oleh stimulus itu. Engram adalah jejak sisa adaptasi yang dibuat oleh organisme untuk stimulus "(Ogden dan Richards 1923 Hai.53). Sementara mentalist maupun Behaviorisme mengidentifikasi makna suatu peristiwa dalam menafsirkan organisme, Behaviorisme telah menekankan perlunya eksternal empiris untuk penemuan peristiwa ini. Kebuntuan perilaku hewan semantik dicapai mana makna yang dipahami tetapi tidak ada reaksi penafsir dapat diamati." (Winfried N. 1995 p. 100)Lintah menjelaskan tokoh sebagai "hari linguistik menekankan aspek teoritis penyelidikan ilmiah, linguistik zaman sebelumnya (kira-kira tahun 1930 untuk 1960) memberi keutamaan kepada aspek empiris atau obser¬vational: sebuah pendekatan yang terwujud dalam upaya dasar makna pada konteks. Contextualism', seperti yang akan saya sebut ini kecenderungan, telah menunjukkan dirinya sebagai kegagalan relatif, tetapi penting untuk belajar, dan perhatikan alasan untuk kegagalan, jika salah satu adalah untuk memahami sekarang berpikir dalam semantik.Contextualism memiliki daya tarik yang dangkal untuk siapa pun yang bercita-cita ilmiah objektivitas. Jika berarti dibahas dalam hal ide-ide, konsep, atau keadaan mental internal, tetap luar cakupan ilmiah pengamatan; Jadi sebaliknya, pergi argumen, kita harus mempelajari arti dalam situasi, penggunaan dan konteks - luar dan observable berkorelasi bahasa perilaku. Sebagai J. R. Firth, ahli bahasa Inggris terkemuka periode meletakkannya di 1930:Cari tahu lebih lanjut dari esai UK di sini: http://www.ukessays.com/essays/english-language/introducing-the-conceptual-and-associative-meanings-english-language-essay.php#ixzz3GqyLorzeJika kita menganggap bahasa sebagai 'ekspresif' atau 'komunikatif' kita menyiratkan bahwa itu adalah instrumen dalam keadaan mental. Dan seperti yang kita tahu begitu sedikit dalam keadaan mental, bahkan oleh introspeksi paling hati-hati, masalah bahasa menjadi lebih misterius semakin kita mencoba untuk menjelaskan hal itu dengan merujuk kepada kejadian mental batin yang tidak dapat diamati. Oleh mengenai kata-kata sebagai kisah, peristiwa, kebiasaan, kami membatasi kami permintaan untuk apa tujuan dalam kehidupan kelompok rekan-rekan kami.Yang terbaik yang bisa dikatakan untuk seperti penjelasan contextualist ada kedepan ¬ adalah bahwa mereka berkorelasi dua set linguistik ekspresi (sendiri tidak sia-sia prosedur - tetapi prosedur yang berbeda dari apa yang tampaknya ditujukan pada). Satu-satunya cara keluar dari lingkaran ini akan untuk non-verbal characterisations konteks (misalnya menunjuk ke objek bukan itu menjelaskan mereka dalam bahasa); dalam hal semantik akan mencapai status absurd ilmu in¬effable.Dalam pandangan cacat ini, tidaklah mengherankan bahwa dalam praktik con¬textual semantik membuat sedikit kemajuan. Meskipun ada banyak program formulasi dan anekdot ilustrasi bagaimana pekerjaan mungkin dilakukan, hampir tidak ada account yang sistematis makna tertentu khususnya bahasa diproduksi. Salah satu pencapaian adalah mengarahkan perhatian ke daerah-daerah yang sebelumnya diabaikan makna gaya dan collocative. Tapi pada umumnya contextualism memiliki efek yang berlawanan dengan yang dimaksud: butuh pikiran para penyelidik dari, daripada menuju, studi tepat data.Karya terbaru di semantik telah kembali ke mentalism ' terhadap yang Firth, Bloomfield dan sezaman mereka bereaksi. Satu mungkin mengklaim bahwa ini adalah pengakuan cukup akal realitas: makna sebenarnya adalah fenomena mental, dan itu tidak ada gunanya untuk mencoba untuk berpura-pura sebaliknya. Kemudian dalam bab kita akan mengejar ini lebih lanjut, dan mempertimbangkan dalam arti apa ada * ilmu ' fenomena men¬tal. Tapi pertama-tama, mari kita paling tidak mengakui bahwa ada beberapa derajat akal pada sisi contextualists-konteks adalah faktor tak dapat disangkal penting dalam komunikasi; dan marilah kita mempertimbangkan bagaimana peran ini semantik konteks dapat diperbolehkan untuk dalam teori berdasarkan arti konseptual.Lebih luas, kita dapat mengatakan bahwa spesifikasi dari konteks (baik linguistik atau non-linguistik) memiliki efek menyempit ke bawah kemungkinan komunikatif pesan seperti yang ada di abstrac¬tion dari konteks. Ini particularization makna dapat berlangsung dalam setidaknya dengan cara berikut:Konteks menghilangkan ambiguitas tertentu atau beberapa arti dipesan.Konteks menunjukkan referents jenis tertentu yang kita sebut katadeictic.(C) konteks persediaan informasi yang penulis/pembicara telah dihilangkan melalui elipsis." (1974 lintah hal.71)
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Stylistic meaning
Stylistic meaning is the piece of language that conveys about the social circumstance of it use. The level of using the stylistic specified on the use of word in a sentence. Its features are based on the speakers/writers language, the topic, the date and the way the communication been presented.
Example:
Cast (Literary), Throw (general), Chuck (casual).
Affective meaning
The affective meaning is when the personal attitude of the speaker to the listener or to something he is talking about. This affects the outcome of the communication base on the tone of the voice. The example below show two meaning based on the tone of voice. The sentence may give two meaning as polite way or an offense way.
Example:
Will you sit down?
Reflected meaning
Reflected meaning is the meaning which arises in forms part of our response to another sense. When hearing needle the synonymous expressions painful.
Example:
Needle = pointed, piercing or sharp (conceptual meaning)
Needle = painful, blood or hospital (reflected meaning)
Collocative meaning
Collocative meaning consists of association with words which tend to occur in the environment of another word. The word pretty may have the below words in the example tagging alone. The word handsome may also have the below words tagging alone, but as you can see they differ in what will the word a company with. Not all the words in pretty have the same tag with is the same with handsome.
Example:
The Behaviorist
This school started at the early 1930 and until the late 1950s. The behaviorist approach to semantics has its classical representative in Bloomfield, who defines " the meaning of a linguistic form as situation in which the speaker utters it and the response which it calls forth in the hearer" (Bloomfield 1933 p.139)
“The difference between behaviorist and mentalist’s semantics is not as radical as has been claimed. Ogden and Richards, for example, gave an earlier behaviorist account of meaning which was clearly mentalist as well. In their definition, meaning is the engram of stimulus: "A sign is always a stimulus similar to some part of an original stimulus and sufficient to call up the engram formed by that stimulus. An engram is the residual trace of an adaptation made by the organism to a stimulus” (Ogden and Richards 1923 p.53). While both mentalist and behaviorism identify meaning as an event within an interpreting organism, behaviorism has emphasized the necessity of external empirical evidence for the discovery of these events. The impasse of behaviorist semantics is reached where meaning are understood but no reaction of the interpreter can be observed." (Winfried N. 1995 p. 100)
Leech explained the behaviorists as " Recent linguistics has emphasized the theoretical aspect of scientific investigation, the linguistics of the preceding era (roughly 1930 to 1960) gave pre-eminence to the empirical or obser¬vational aspect: an approach which manifested itself in the attempt to base meaning on context. Contextualism', as I shall call this tendency, has shown itself to be a relative failure, but it is important to study it, and take note of the reasons for its failure, if one is to understand present-day thinking in semantics.
Contextualism has a superficial attractiveness for anyone who aspires to the ideal of scientific objectivity. If meaning is discussed in terms of ideas, concepts, or internal mental states, it remains beyond the scope of scientific observation; so instead, goes the argument, we should study meaning in terms of situation, use, and context - outward and observable correlates of language behavior. As J. R. Firth, the leading British linguist of the period put it in 1930:

Find out more from UK Essays here: http://www.ukessays.com/essays/english-language/introducing-the-conceptual-and-associative-meanings-english-language-essay.php#ixzz3GqyLorze
If we regard language as 'expressive' or 'communicative' we imply that it is an instrument of inner mental states. And as we know so little of inner mental states, even by the most careful introspection, the language problem becomes more mysterious the more we try to explain it by referring it to inner mental happenings which are not observable. By regarding words as acts, events, habits, we limit our inquiry to what is objective in the group life of our fellows.
The best that can be said for such contextualist explanations there¬fore is that they correlate two sets of linguistic expressions (in itself not a futile procedure - but a different procedure from that which is apparently aimed at). The only way out of this circularity would be to resort to non-verbal characterisations of context (e.g. pointing to objects instead of describing them in language); in which case semantics would attain the absurd status of the science of the in¬effable.
In view of these defects, it is not surprising that in practice con¬textual semantics made little progress. Although there were many programmatic formulations and anecdotal illustrations of how the job might be done, virtually no systematic accounts of particular meanings in particular languages were produced. One achievement was to direct attention to the previously neglected areas of stylistic and collocative meaning. But in general contextualism had the opposite effect to that intended: it took the mind of the investigator away from, rather than towards, the exact study of data.
Recent work in semantics has returned to the mentalism' against which Firth, Bloomfield, and their contemporaries reacted. One might claim that this is simply recognition of common-sense reality: meaning actually is a mental phenomenon, and it is useless to try to pretend otherwise. Later in the chapter we shall pursue this further, and consider in what sense there can be a * science' of men¬tal phenomena. But first, let us at least acknowledge that there is some degree of common sense on the side of the contextualists — that context is an undeniably important factor in communication; and let us consider how this semantic role of context can be allowed for within a theory based on conceptual meaning.
More widely, we may say that specification of context (whether linguistic or non-linguistic) has the effect of narrowing down the communicative possibilities of the message as it exists in abstrac¬tion from context. This particularization of meaning can take place in at least the following ways:
Context eliminates certain ambiguities or multiple meanings in
the message.
Context indicates the referents of certain types of word we call
deictic.
(C) Context supplies information which the speaker/writer has omitted through ellipsis." (Leech 1974 p.71)
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