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Stylistic meaning
Stylistic meaning is the piece of language that conveys about the social circumstance of it use. The level of using the stylistic specified on the use of word in a sentence. Its features are based on the speakers/writers language, the topic, the date and the way the communication been presented.
Example:
Cast (Literary), Throw (general), Chuck (casual).
Affective meaning
The affective meaning is when the personal attitude of the speaker to the listener or to something he is talking about. This affects the outcome of the communication base on the tone of the voice. The example below show two meaning based on the tone of voice. The sentence may give two meaning as polite way or an offense way.
Example:
Will you sit down?
Reflected meaning
Reflected meaning is the meaning which arises in forms part of our response to another sense. When hearing needle the synonymous expressions painful.
Example:
Needle = pointed, piercing or sharp (conceptual meaning)
Needle = painful, blood or hospital (reflected meaning)
Collocative meaning
Collocative meaning consists of association with words which tend to occur in the environment of another word. The word pretty may have the below words in the example tagging alone. The word handsome may also have the below words tagging alone, but as you can see they differ in what will the word a company with. Not all the words in pretty have the same tag with is the same with handsome.
Example:
The Behaviorist
This school started at the early 1930 and until the late 1950s. The behaviorist approach to semantics has its classical representative in Bloomfield, who defines " the meaning of a linguistic form as situation in which the speaker utters it and the response which it calls forth in the hearer" (Bloomfield 1933 p.139)
“The difference between behaviorist and mentalist’s semantics is not as radical as has been claimed. Ogden and Richards, for example, gave an earlier behaviorist account of meaning which was clearly mentalist as well. In their definition, meaning is the engram of stimulus: "A sign is always a stimulus similar to some part of an original stimulus and sufficient to call up the engram formed by that stimulus. An engram is the residual trace of an adaptation made by the organism to a stimulus” (Ogden and Richards 1923 p.53). While both mentalist and behaviorism identify meaning as an event within an interpreting organism, behaviorism has emphasized the necessity of external empirical evidence for the discovery of these events. The impasse of behaviorist semantics is reached where meaning are understood but no reaction of the interpreter can be observed." (Winfried N. 1995 p. 100)
Leech explained the behaviorists as " Recent linguistics has emphasized the theoretical aspect of scientific investigation, the linguistics of the preceding era (roughly 1930 to 1960) gave pre-eminence to the empirical or obser¬vational aspect: an approach which manifested itself in the attempt to base meaning on context. Contextualism', as I shall call this tendency, has shown itself to be a relative failure, but it is important to study it, and take note of the reasons for its failure, if one is to understand present-day thinking in semantics.
Contextualism has a superficial attractiveness for anyone who aspires to the ideal of scientific objectivity. If meaning is discussed in terms of ideas, concepts, or internal mental states, it remains beyond the scope of scientific observation; so instead, goes the argument, we should study meaning in terms of situation, use, and context - outward and observable correlates of language behavior. As J. R. Firth, the leading British linguist of the period put it in 1930:
Find out more from UK Essays here: http://www.ukessays.com/essays/english-language/introducing-the-conceptual-and-associative-meanings-english-language-essay.php#ixzz3GqyLorze
If we regard language as 'expressive' or 'communicative' we imply that it is an instrument of inner mental states. And as we know so little of inner mental states, even by the most careful introspection, the language problem becomes more mysterious the more we try to explain it by referring it to inner mental happenings which are not observable. By regarding words as acts, events, habits, we limit our inquiry to what is objective in the group life of our fellows.
The best that can be said for such contextualist explanations there¬fore is that they correlate two sets of linguistic expressions (in itself not a futile procedure - but a different procedure from that which is apparently aimed at). The only way out of this circularity would be to resort to non-verbal characterisations of context (e.g. pointing to objects instead of describing them in language); in which case semantics would attain the absurd status of the science of the in¬effable.
In view of these defects, it is not surprising that in practice con¬textual semantics made little progress. Although there were many programmatic formulations and anecdotal illustrations of how the job might be done, virtually no systematic accounts of particular meanings in particular languages were produced. One achievement was to direct attention to the previously neglected areas of stylistic and collocative meaning. But in general contextualism had the opposite effect to that intended: it took the mind of the investigator away from, rather than towards, the exact study of data.
Recent work in semantics has returned to the mentalism' against which Firth, Bloomfield, and their contemporaries reacted. One might claim that this is simply recognition of common-sense reality: meaning actually is a mental phenomenon, and it is useless to try to pretend otherwise. Later in the chapter we shall pursue this further, and consider in what sense there can be a * science' of men¬tal phenomena. But first, let us at least acknowledge that there is some degree of common sense on the side of the contextualists — that context is an undeniably important factor in communication; and let us consider how this semantic role of context can be allowed for within a theory based on conceptual meaning.
More widely, we may say that specification of context (whether linguistic or non-linguistic) has the effect of narrowing down the communicative possibilities of the message as it exists in abstrac¬tion from context. This particularization of meaning can take place in at least the following ways:
Context eliminates certain ambiguities or multiple meanings in
the message.
Context indicates the referents of certain types of word we call
deictic.
(C) Context supplies information which the speaker/writer has omitted through ellipsis." (Leech 1974 p.71)
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