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Emergin g infectious diseases, such as HIV/AIDS, SARS, and pandemic influenza, and the anthrax attacks of 2001, have
demonstrated that we remain vulnerable to health threats caused by infectious diseases. The importance of strengthening
global public health surveillance to provide early warning has been the primary recommendation of expert groups for at least
the past 2 decades. However, despite improvements in the past decade, public health surveillance capabilities remain limited
and fragmented, with uneven global coverage. Recent initiatives provide hope of addressing this issue, and new technological and conceptual advances could, for the first time, place capability for global surveillance within reach. Such advances
include the revised International Health Regulations (IHR 2005) and the use of new data sources and methods to improve
global coverage, sensitivity, and timeliness, which show promise for providing capabilities to extend and complement the
existing infrastructure. One example is syndromic surveillance, using nontraditional and often automated data sources. Over
the past 20 years, other initiatives, including ProMED-mail, GPHIN, and HealthMap, have demonstrated new mechanisms for acquiring surveillance data. In 2009 the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) began the
Emerging Pandemic Threats (EPT) program, which includes the PREDICT project, to build global capacity for surveillance of novel infections that have pandemic potential (originating in wildlife and at the animal-human interface) and to
develop a framework for risk assessment. Improved understanding of factors driving infectious disease emergence and new
technological capabilities in modeling, diagnostics and pathogen identification, and communications, such as using the
increasing global coverage of cellphones for public health surveillance, can further enhance global surveillance.
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