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THE CONTEXT OF FINANCIAL MARKET TURMOILThe NR episode needs to be set in the context of the global financial market turbulence experienced during the summer of 2007. Recent years have experienced an unprecedented wave of complex financial innovation with the creation of new financial instruments and vehicles. In the words of the BOE, this financial innovation had the effect of “creating often opaque and complex financial instruments with high embedded leverage” (BOE, 2007a). Two major instruments at the centre of the financial market turmoil were Securitisation and Collateralised Debt Obligations (CDOs – instruments created from a portfolio of asset-backed securities and then broken into tranches of varying default risk with resulting varied prices): in both cases issue volumes rose sharply in the years prior to the crisis. Figure 1 shows the sharp rise in European securitisations, and figure 2 indicates the volume of global CDO issues and particularly the sharp increase in 2006 and the first half of 2007, followed by an almost total collapse in the summer months of that year.Securitisation involves a bank bringing together a large number of its loans (e.g. mortgages) into a single package and selling the portfolio into the capital market. The portfolio might be bought by other financial institutions or by specially created Special Purpose Vehicles, Structured Investment Vehicles (SIVs), or Conduits established by the securitising bank itself. The buyer issues securities (e.g. FRNs, asset-backed commercial
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