Over the whole life cycle, construction and
maintenance of machinery accounts for 25% of the total
NRER, while transportation contributes 3%. This
contribution is low compared to Palm oil LCA (Kian et
al., 2009) since it has low levels of inputs and aims at
local use of the products. This results in low
transportation distances, both for bringing inputs to the
system and for distributing outputs to the market. The
data for calculating NRER has been compiled from “The
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change” database
(Table 3).