As to their function, rclip-SPHs display a cell adhesion activity [122], whilst SPH516 specifically interacts with the metal ion-binding (MIB) domain of the YHV, suggesting that it might play an important role in viral responses [124]. PmMasSPH has been shown to be a multifunctional immune effector, where its Nterminal region containing the glycine-rich repeats and the clip domain have in vitro antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria, and the C-terminal SP-like domain alone mediates hemocyte adhesion and displays binding activity to the shrimp pathogenic bacterium, V. harveyi, as well as to LPS [125].