of the plant in the local medical system might have alwaysbeen low (re translation - of the plant in the local medical system might have alwaysbeen low (re Indonesian how to say

of the plant in the local medical s

of the plant in the local medical system might have always
been low (restricted to a few families or individuals); or e, the
low availability or the difficulty in accessing the plant in the
environment.
As a result, rarely mentioned plants might actually be
highly valuable from the bioprospecting perspective because
they bear the additional advantage of being less well-studied
and could serve as the basis for further systematic quests for
medicinal products. There is a necessity to test differences
in the pharmacological activity between the most and least
popular plants.
Problems related to data collection and recording
therapeutic indications
At times, testing of the biological activity of medicinal plants
based on ethnodirected data is hindered by the lack of detail of
the information gathered from local communities. Superficial
data collection and interpretation is a serious mistake that
one finds reproduced in many published studies. The lack of
attention usually paid to therapeutic indications is noteworthy
because it has a negative impact on the success of approaches
requiring accurate and precise information. Many studies do
not distinguish among the plants that serve to cure a disease,
the ones that relieve its symptoms, and the ones that are
able to prevent its occurrence. That distinction, however, has
paramount importance in bioprospecting and thus should
receive more attention.
Some studies have demonstrated the relevance of
investigating the concept of disease held by the community
(Beiersmann et al., 2007; Reyes-García, 2010). The choice of
therapies by human groups is related to how they recognize
and classify diseases (Reyes-García, 2010), so an accurate
understanding of those features is key for the planning of
future bioprospecting strategies. One simple method to
investigate the local perception of a given disease is to ask the
informants how it is recognized. This strategy identifies the
symptoms that are directly associated with the disease. For
instance, the activity of a plant mentioned in the treatment
of various diseases mainly associated with the symptom pain
might reduce the release of chemical mediators related to the
production of pain.
More than a few studies have merely recorded the medicinal
properties of plants without investigating the local notions of
disease, which might be widely divergent from Western ideas.
This situation is illustrated by the study by Ferreira Júnior et
al. (2011), which investigated the plants from the Brazilian
Caatinga used to treat inflammation. Although inflammation
is considered as uniform in the ethnobotanical literature, the
authors recorded 37 different categories of that condition as
perceived by the community, and characterized it as a result
of 26 different symptoms. Interestingly, the plants used
for the treatment of the various categories exhibited broad
differences, thus showing that inflammation could not be
considered a homogeneous “category” and that the studies
might be strongly biased. Ferreira Júnior et al. (2011) also found
that some conditions identified as “inflammation” by the
investigated community were not thus understood in Western
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of the plant in the local medical system might have alwaysbeen low (restricted to a few families or individuals); or e, thelow availability or the difficulty in accessing the plant in theenvironment.As a result, rarely mentioned plants might actually behighly valuable from the bioprospecting perspective becausethey bear the additional advantage of being less well-studiedand could serve as the basis for further systematic quests formedicinal products. There is a necessity to test differencesin the pharmacological activity between the most and leastpopular plants.Problems related to data collection and recordingtherapeutic indicationsAt times, testing of the biological activity of medicinal plantsbased on ethnodirected data is hindered by the lack of detail ofthe information gathered from local communities. Superficialdata collection and interpretation is a serious mistake thatone finds reproduced in many published studies. The lack ofattention usually paid to therapeutic indications is noteworthybecause it has a negative impact on the success of approachesrequiring accurate and precise information. Many studies donot distinguish among the plants that serve to cure a disease,the ones that relieve its symptoms, and the ones that areable to prevent its occurrence. That distinction, however, hasparamount importance in bioprospecting and thus shouldreceive more attention.Some studies have demonstrated the relevance ofinvestigating the concept of disease held by the community(Beiersmann et al., 2007; Reyes-García, 2010). The choice oftherapies by human groups is related to how they recognizeand classify diseases (Reyes-García, 2010), so an accurateunderstanding of those features is key for the planning offuture bioprospecting strategies. One simple method toinvestigate the local perception of a given disease is to ask theinformants how it is recognized. This strategy identifies thesymptoms that are directly associated with the disease. Forinstance, the activity of a plant mentioned in the treatmentof various diseases mainly associated with the symptom painmight reduce the release of chemical mediators related to theproduction of pain.More than a few studies have merely recorded the medicinalproperties of plants without investigating the local notions ofdisease, which might be widely divergent from Western ideas.This situation is illustrated by the study by Ferreira Júnior etal. (2011), which investigated the plants from the BrazilianCaatinga used to treat inflammation. Although inflammationis considered as uniform in the ethnobotanical literature, theauthors recorded 37 different categories of that condition asperceived by the community, and characterized it as a resultof 26 different symptoms. Interestingly, the plants usedfor the treatment of the various categories exhibited broaddifferences, thus showing that inflammation could not beconsidered a homogeneous “category” and that the studiesmight be strongly biased. Ferreira Júnior et al. (2011) also foundthat some conditions identified as “inflammation” by theinvestigated community were not thus understood in Western
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Results (Indonesian) 2:[Copy]
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tanaman dalam sistem medis lokal mungkin selalu
menjadi rendah (terbatas pada beberapa keluarga atau individu); atau e, yang
ketersediaan rendah atau kesulitan dalam mengakses tanaman di
lingkungan.
Akibatnya, tanaman jarang disebutkan mungkin benar-benar
sangat berharga dari perspektif bioprospecting karena
mereka menanggung keuntungan tambahan yang kurang dipelajari dengan baik
dan bisa dijadikan sebagai dasar untuk pencarian sistematis lebih lanjut untuk
produk obat. Ada kebutuhan untuk menguji perbedaan
dalam aktivitas farmakologi antara yang paling dan paling
populer tanaman.
Masalah yang berkaitan dengan pengumpulan data dan merekam
indikasi terapi
Pada kali, pengujian aktivitas biologis tanaman obat
berdasarkan data ethnodirected terhalang oleh kurangnya detail dari
informasi yang dikumpulkan dari masyarakat setempat. Dangkal
pengumpulan data dan interpretasi adalah kesalahan serius yang
satu menemukan direproduksi dalam banyak penelitian yang diterbitkan. Kurangnya
perhatian biasanya dibayarkan kepada indikasi terapi dicatat
karena memiliki dampak negatif pada keberhasilan pendekatan
yang membutuhkan informasi yang akurat dan tepat. Banyak penelitian yang
tidak membedakan antara tanaman yang berfungsi untuk menyembuhkan penyakit,
orang-orang yang meredakan gejala, dan orang-orang yang
mampu mencegah terjadinya nya. Perbedaan itu, bagaimanapun, memiliki
sangat penting dalam bioprospecting dan dengan demikian harus
menerima lebih banyak perhatian.
Beberapa penelitian telah menunjukkan relevansi
menyelidiki konsep penyakit yang diselenggarakan oleh masyarakat
(Beiersmann et al, 2007;. Reyes-García, 2010). Pilihan
terapi oleh kelompok-kelompok manusia berkaitan dengan bagaimana mereka mengenali
dan mengklasifikasikan penyakit (Reyes-García, 2010), sehingga akurat
pemahaman dari fitur tersebut adalah kunci untuk perencanaan
strategi bioprospecting masa depan. Salah satu metode sederhana untuk
menyelidiki persepsi lokal dari penyakit yang diberikan adalah untuk meminta
informan bagaimana diakui. Strategi ini mengidentifikasi
gejala yang secara langsung berhubungan dengan penyakit. Untuk
contoh, aktivitas pabrik yang disebutkan dalam pengobatan
berbagai penyakit terutama yang berhubungan dengan nyeri gejala
mungkin mengurangi pelepasan mediator kimia yang terkait dengan
produksi sakit.
Lebih dari beberapa studi telah hanya mencatat obat
sifat tanaman tanpa menyelidiki pengertian lokal
penyakit, yang mungkin sangat beragam dari ide-ide Barat.
situasi ini digambarkan oleh studi oleh Ferreira Júnior et
al. (2011), yang meneliti tanaman dari Brasil
Caatinga digunakan untuk mengobati peradangan. Meskipun peradangan
dianggap sebagai seragam dalam literatur etnobotani, para
penulis mencatat 37 kategori yang berbeda dari kondisi yang seperti
yang dirasakan oleh masyarakat, dan ditandai sebagai akibat
dari 26 gejala yang berbeda. Menariknya, tanaman yang digunakan
untuk pengobatan berbagai kategori dipamerkan luas
perbedaan, sehingga menunjukkan bahwa peradangan tidak dapat
dianggap sebagai homogen "kategori" dan bahwa studi
mungkin sangat bias. Ferreira Júnior et al. (2011) juga menemukan
bahwa beberapa kondisi yang diidentifikasi sebagai "peradangan" oleh
masyarakat diselidiki tidak demikian dipahami di Western
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