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Comprehension Models and Experimental StudiesThe psychological stages and processes that a listener goes through in comprehending the meaning of an utterance are very complex. Alternative models of speech processing have been proposed in the attempt to clarify the stages involved. Some psycholinguists suggest that speech perception and comprehension involve both top-down and bottom-up processing.Top-down processes proceed from semantic and syntactic information to the sensory input. Using such higher level information, it is suggested that we can predict what is to follow in the signal.Bottom-up processes move step-by-step from the incoming acoustic signal to semantic interpretation, building each part of the structure on the basis of the sensory data alone.Evidence for at least partial top-down processing is provided in a number of experiments. For example, subjects make fewer identification errors of words when the words occur in sentences than when they are presented in isolation. This suggests that subjects are using knowledge of syntactic structures in addition to the acoustic input signal. This is true even when the stimuli are presented in the presence of noise. Subjects also do better if the words occur in grammatically meaningful sentences as opposed to grammatically anomalous sentences; identification of words in ungrammatical sentences produced the most errors. This supports the idea that subjects are not simply responding to the input word by word.Top-down processing is also supported by the fact that when subjects hear recorded sentences in which some part of the signal is removed and a cough substituted, they "hear" the sentence without a missing phoneme, and, in fact, are unable to say which phonemic segment the cough replaced. Context plays a major role in determining what sounds the subjects replace. Thus, "[cough] eel" is heard as wheel, heel, peel, or meal depending on whether the sentence in which the distorted word occurs refers to an axle, shoe, orange, or food, respectively. We have also seen that context plays a role in word segmentation. If we heard [n a j t r e t] while checking into a motel, we would interpret it as night rate, whereas in a chemistry lab, we would think we heard nitrate. Similarly the phonetic string (w a j t Š u z] would be heard as white shoes, rather than why choose, in a shoe store.
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