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Community Development
The concept of community economic development in the United States has its roots early in the 1900s in the historical dialogue between Booker T. Washington and W. E. B. Du Bois over the best way to achieve economic and political power for newly emancipated African American slaves (Clay & Jones, 2009). Both leaders advocated for the importance of Black business creation and expansion (Cummings, 2001). A specific method of developing communities socially and economically, however, was initiated by the federal government in 1908 as a result of President Theodore Roosevelt's Country Life Commission, which encouraged the Department of Agriculture (USDA) and land grant colleges to take a more activerole in the lives of rural Americans. The Cooperative Extension Service was established in 1914 through its base in land grant colleges. Staff consulted and worked with farmers through a series of local clubs to plan and carry out local programs. Community clubs were widely used in African American communities, based on the principle of developing projects with people rather than for them (Phifer, 1980).
During this period two strong leaders in different fields also contributed greatly to theory, practice, and the literature. Mary Parker Follett wrote two books that illustrated the depth and breadth of her intellect. Creative Experience (1924) dealt with concepts and strategies for helping people from different occupations and social backgrounds learn to communicate with each other and understand each other's views. Dynamic Administration, published in 1941, reflects the field of endeavor for which she was best known. Her theory and recommendations for sound social administration are still studied, and her career reflected a gift for organizational leadership. She worked in a Settlement House, and seeing hose neighborhoods were deprived of educational, recreational, and social facilities, she was able to lead efforts to open School Centers for after-school education and recreation. In 1924 she moved to England and became vice president of the National Com-munity Center Association and a participant in the Taylor Society, which focused on advancing scientific management. Eduard Lindeman was committed to working with groups, and much of his writing focused on methods of working with groups and intergroup work. For a major part of his career he was a member of the faculty of the New York School of Social Work. His works include An Approach to e Study of Functional Groups. He was a social philosopher and wrote extensively about democracy, citizenship, and democratic values.
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