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Population structure can provide novel insight into the human past, and recognizing and correcting for such stratification isa practical concern in gene mapping by many association methodologies. We investigate these patterns, primarily throughprincipal component (PC) analysis of whole genome SNP polymorphism, in 2099 individuals from populations of NorthernEuropean origin (Ireland, United Kingdom, Netherlands, Denmark, Sweden, Finland, Australia, and HapMap EuropeanAmerican).The major trends (PC1 and PC2) demonstrate an ability to detect geographic substructure, even over a small arealike the British Isles, and this information can then be applied to finely dissect the ancestry of the European-Australian andEuropean-American samples. They simultaneously point to the importance of considering population stratification in whatmight be considered a small homogeneous region. There is evidence from F-based analysis of genic and nongenic SNPs thatdifferential positive selection has operated across these populations despite their short divergence time and relatively similargeographic and environmental range. The pressure appears to have been focused on genes involved in immunity, perhapsreflecting response to infectious disease epidemic. Such an event may explain a striking selective sweep centered on thers2508049-G allele, close to the HLA-G gene on chromosome 6. Evidence of the sweep extends over a 8-Mb/3.5-cM region.Overall, the results illustrate the power of dense genotype and sample data to explore regional population variation, the events
that have crafted it, and their implications in both explaining disease prevalence and mapping these genes by association.
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