(1) small-holder burning, (2) large

(1) small-holder burning, (2) large-scale land clearance and
(3) wildfires (Fig.
1
).
Both types 1 and 2 involve intentional use of fire, mainly
for land clearance and soil preparation for agricultural
purposes. However, whereas the first type (small-holder
burning) is characterized by numerous individual fires
resulting in a mosaic of small burnt patches rarely larger
than 0.25 km
2
, the latter (large-scale land clearance)
manifests itself by large continuous burnt areas in sizes of
up to tens of square kilometers (Bowen et al.
2001
). These
fires are all purposely started by either small-holder farm-
ers or plantation companies and burning is controlled, at
least as long as the fire stays within the intended area. In
satellite-based active fire (i.e. hotspot) detection, small-
holder burning typically results in sporadically distributed
single hotspots, whereas large-scale land clearance creates
large clusters of hotspots (Fig.
1
).
Fires burning out of control are considered wildfires
(type 3). They may have started either accidentally or
intentionally (arson), or escaped from intentional land
clearance fires into areas that were originally not intended
to be burnt. These fires usually result in irregularly shaped
burnt areas. In active fire detection, wildfires create clusters
of hotspots in varying shapes and sizes (Fig.
1
).
The highly anthropogenic origin of vegetation fires in
insular Southeast Asia combined with the natural charac-
teristics of the region forms a basis for a complicated
relationship between fire regimes and physical constraints
like climate, land cover type and occurrence of peat soil.
Numerous authors have investigated the variation of fire
regimes and the underlying causes of fires from social and
political perspective, emphasizing the influence of land
management policies on fire activity in this region (e.g.
Bowen et al.
2001
; Chokkalingam et al.
2006
; Dennis et al.
2005
; Ketterings et al.
1999
; Murdiyarso and Adiningsih
2006
; Stolle et al.
2003
). The effects of physical constraints
on fire regimes have been studied less. However, it has
been shown that interannual variations in regional climate

Results (Indonesian) 1:

(1) small-holder burning, (2) large-scale land clearance and(3) wildfires (Fig.1).Both types 1 and 2 involve intentional use of fire, mainlyfor land clearance and soil preparation for agriculturalpurposes. However, whereas the first type (small-holderburning) is characterized by numerous individual firesresulting in a mosaic of small burnt patches rarely largerthan 0.25 km2, the latter (large-scale land clearance)manifests itself by large continuous burnt areas in sizes ofup to tens of square kilometers (Bowen et al.2001). Thesefires are all purposely started by either small-holder farm-ers or plantation companies and burning is controlled, atleast as long as the fire stays within the intended area. Insatellite-based active fire (i.e. hotspot) detection, small-holder burning typically results in sporadically distributedsingle hotspots, whereas large-scale land clearance createslarge clusters of hotspots (Fig.1).Fires burning out of control are considered wildfires(type 3). They may have started either accidentally orintentionally (arson), or escaped from intentional landclearance fires into areas that were originally not intendedto be burnt. These fires usually result in irregularly shapedburnt areas. In active fire detection, wildfires create clustersof hotspots in varying shapes and sizes (Fig.1).The highly anthropogenic origin of vegetation fires ininsular Southeast Asia combined with the natural charac-teristics daerah membentuk satu dasar yang rumithubungan antara rezim api dan kendala-kendala fisikseperti iklim, tanah penutup jenis dan terjadinya tanah gambut.Berbagai penulis telah diselidiki variasi dari apirezim dan penyebab kebakaran sosial danperspektif politik, menekankan pengaruh tanahkebijakan manajemen pada api (misalnya aktivitas di daerah ini.Bowen et al.2001; Chokkalingam et al.2006; Dennis et al.2005; Ketterings et al.1999; Murdiyarso dan Adiningsih2006; Stolle et al.2003). Efek dari kendala-kendala fisikterbakar rezim telah dipelajari kurang. Namun, ia memilikitelah ditunjukkan bahwa interannual variasi iklim daerah

Results (Indonesian) 2:

(1) kecil-pemegang pembakaran, (2) pembukaan lahan skala besar dan
(3) kebakaran hutan (Gambar.
1
).
Kedua jenis 1 dan 2 melibatkan penggunaan sengaja api, terutama
untuk pembukaan lahan dan persiapan tanah untuk pertanian
tujuan. Namun, sedangkan tipe pertama (kecil-pemegang
pembakaran) ditandai dengan banyak kebakaran individu
menghasilkan mosaik patch bakaran kecil jarang lebih besar
dari 0,25 km
2
, yang terakhir (skala besar pembukaan lahan)
memanifestasikan dirinya dengan areal yang terbakar terus menerus besar di ukuran
hingga puluhan kilometer persegi (Bowen et al.
2001
). Ini
kebakaran semua sengaja dimulai oleh pertanian-baik yang kecil-pemegang
ers atau perusahaan perkebunan dan pembakaran dikendalikan, pada
setidaknya selama api tetap dalam wilayah yang dituju. Dalam
api yang aktif berbasis satelit (yaitu hotspot) deteksi, kecil
pemegang pembakaran biasanya menghasilkan didistribusikan secara sporadis
hotspot tunggal, sedangkan skala besar pembukaan lahan menciptakan
kelompok besar dari hotspot (Gambar.
1
).
Kebakaran terbakar di luar kendali dianggap kebakaran hutan
( Jenis 3). Mereka mungkin sudah mulai baik sengaja atau
sengaja (pembakaran), atau melarikan diri dari tanah yang disengaja
kebakaran izin ke daerah-daerah yang awalnya tidak dimaksudkan
untuk dibakar. Kebakaran ini biasanya mengakibatkan berbentuk tidak teratur
daerah yang terbakar. Dalam deteksi kebakaran aktif, kebakaran hutan membuat cluster
hotspot di berbagai bentuk dan ukuran (Gambar.
1
).
Asal yang sangat antropogenik kebakaran vegetasi di
pulau Asia Tenggara dikombinasikan dengan-sifat alami
sifat-daerah membentuk dasar untuk rumit
hubungan antara rezim kebakaran dan kendala fisik
seperti iklim, jenis tutupan lahan dan terjadinya tanah gambut.
Banyak penulis telah meneliti variasi api
rezim dan penyebab kebakaran dari sosial dan
perspektif politik, menekankan pengaruh tanah
kebijakan manajemen atas kejadian kebakaran di ini wilayah (misalnya
Bowen et al.
2001
;. Chokkalingam et al
2006
; Dennis et al.
2005
; Ketterings et al.
1999
; Murdiyarso dan Adiningsih
2006
;. Stolle et al
2003
). Efek dari kendala fisik
pada rezim api telah dipelajari kurang. Namun, telah
terbukti bahwa variasi antartahunan di iklim regional