constitute the State and creates th

constitute the State and creates the basis instead for a single “nation”-state that is culturally
homogeneous and politically unified. The education system, according to Gellner, is at the heart of
this process: It provides a neutral means of authenticating knowledge through reasonably impartial
centers of learning, which issue certificates “on the basis of honest, impartially administered
examination” (p. 29). Scholars who have focused on the concept of a plurality of literacies, rather than
a single autonomous literacy, have been less inclined to take these claims at face value. While they are
evidently part of the rhetoric of nationalism, they do not necessarily correspond to the social reality,
in which it is much more usual to find a variety of different literacy practices. Accounts of the uses of
literacy to express identity among youth groups in urban situations (Shuman, 1986; Weinstein-Shr,
1993; Camitta, 1993), of mode-switching as well as code-switching in the Moroccan community in
London (Baynham, 1993), of mother-tongue literacy among Latin American migrants in Toronto
(Klassen, 1991) and of “community” literacy in Lancaster, England (Barton and Ivanic, 1991), challenge
the view of the modern world as consisting of homogeneous nations each with a single,
homogenizing literacy. Likewise, scholars who stress the symbolic and cultural dimensions of ethnic
ties and nations focus upon the variety of routes to nationalism and put less weight on the claims
made for literacy in its emergence (Smith, 1986). The account of the growth and persistence of
modern nationalism, they suggest, requires analysis not only of the exigencies of modern technology
and economy but also of the ideological and cultural aspects of literacy practices. The issues of
language and literacy and their role in the historical and contemporary development of nationalism
have opened up to new historical and ethnographic accounts that challenge and will ultimately
contribute to the development of the methods and insights traditionally employed by sociolinguists.
One such area in which that expertise is already being allied to immediate policy debates and issues is
within specific institutional settings, such as the workplace, the courts, etc., areas that are dealt with

Results (Malay) 2:

membentuk Negeri dan mewujudkan asas bukan untuk satu "negara" -State iaitu budaya
homogen dan politik bersatu. Sistem pendidikan, menurut Gellner, adalah di tengah-tengah
proses ini: Ia menyediakan satu cara neutral mengesahkan pengetahuan melalui munasabah tidak berat sebelah
pusat-pusat pengajian, yang sijil isu "atas dasar jujur, saksama ditadbir
peperiksaan" (. P 29) . Ulama yang telah memberi tumpuan kepada konsep kepelbagaian literasi, daripada
yang celik autonomi tunggal, telah kurang cenderung untuk mengambil tuntutan-tuntutan ini pada nilai muka. Walaupun mereka adalah
jelas sebahagian daripada retorik nasionalisme, mereka tidak semestinya sesuai dengan realiti sosial,
di mana ia adalah lebih biasa untuk mencari pelbagai amalan literasi berbeza. Akaun kegunaan
literasi untuk menyatakan identiti di kalangan kumpulan remaja dalam keadaan bandar (Shuman, 1986; Weinstein-Shr,
1993; Camitta, 1993), mod-menukar serta kod-switching dalam masyarakat Maghribi di
London (Baynham, 1993), literasi bahasa ibunda di kalangan pendatang Latin Amerika di Toronto
(Klassen, 1991) dan "masyarakat" celik huruf di Lancaster, England (Barton dan Ivanic, 1991), mencabar
pandangan dunia moden yang terdiri daripada negara-negara homogen setiap dengan, tunggal
celik homogenizing. Begitu juga ulama yang menekankan dimensi simbolik dan budaya etnik
hubungan dan negara memberi tumpuan kepada pelbagai laluan kepada nasionalisme dan meletakkan berat badan kurang pada tuntutan
dibuat untuk celik dalam kemunculannya (Smith, 1986). Kisah pertumbuhan dan kegigihan
nasionalisme moden, mereka mencadangkan, memerlukan analisis bukan sahaja tuntutan-tuntutan teknologi moden
dan ekonomi tetapi juga dari aspek ideologi dan budaya amalan literasi. Isu
bahasa dan literasi dan peranan mereka dalam perkembangan sejarah dan kontemporari nasionalisme
telah dibuka kepada sejarah dan etnografi baru yang mencabar dan akhirnya akan
menyumbang kepada pembangunan kaedah dan pandangan tradisional yang digunakan oleh sociolinguists.
Satu kawasan itu di mana kepakaran yang telah pun disebarkan bersekutu dengan perbahasan dasar serta-merta dan isu-isu adalah
dalam tetapan institusi tertentu, seperti tempat kerja, mahkamah, dan lain-lain, kawasan yang telah dikendalikan