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To cite this paper: Javdan M. and Nickkerdar M. A. 2011. The Study Relationship between Parenting Styles and Spiritual intelligence. J. Life Sci. Biomed. 1(1): 24-27. Journal homepage: http://jlsb.science-line.com/
JLSB
Journal of
Life Science and Biomedicine
J. Life Sci. Biomed. 1(1): 24-27, 2011
© 2011, Scienceline Publication
The Study Relationship between Parenting Styles and Spiritual Intelligence
Javdan Moosa1 and Nickkerdar Mohammad Ali2
1. Islamic Azad University, Minab Branch, Iran
2. Master of Science in Educational Psychology. Graguated of Shiraz University
*Corresponding author: javedan.moosa@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
The aim of the present study was to examine the relationship between parenting styles and spiritual intelligence among high-school students. Participants included 160 high-school students selected randomly from high schools of Bandar Abbas city. Multiple regression analysis was used to test research hypothesis. Data collecting tools of the research include questionnaire of spiritual intelligence and parenting styles questionnaire. Results showed that parenting styles can predict spiritual intelligence. Authoritative parenting style had a positive and significant relationship with spiritual intelligence but authoritarian and neglecting parenting styles had negative and significant relationship. Permissive parenting style had no significant relationship.
Key words: Parenting styles, spiritual intelligence, High-school students.
INTRODUCTION
Human being has different abilities so that the relationship and impact of these characteristics and attributes have an important role in his overall performance and behavior. Without considering the relationship and impact of these factors, it would be difficult to understand and interpret behavior. Spiritual intelligence is one of man’s characteristics. It is the result of the influence of emotional, environmental, parenting and attitudinal factors. This feature can also have an important impact on the quality of man’s life, beliefs and attitude while facing daily problems. On the other hand, parents’ behavior and their way of dealing with children have profound and long lasting influence in forming their beliefs and ideas towards the essence of God, the Almighty, and children’s attitudes are affected by parents’ training styles. parenting styles refer to a model of attitudes, behaviors, values and criteria which in interaction with children, parents express at the time of their request, response, control and guidance and children cause parents to take them into consideration or to be oblivious to them (Dixon, Graber, and Brooks-Gunn, 2008). Therefore, parents’ behavior with children causes formation of their psychological and social character and commensurate to the level of freedom and control, parents are classified as authoritative, authoritarian, permissive and neglecting models parenting styles cause the individual’s knowledge and insight to himself and phenomena of the world to increase through search and spiritual experience. Following, the individual involves in creating change and a deep understanding of layers of his personality and considers life as something meaningful and valuable or imagines life as something absurd, meaningless and aimless (King, 2008). Reflection on the state of philosophy of existence, creation, death and life is an indication of spiritual growth. It roots in early childhood education and development by parents. This behavior results in affecting life quality and parenting style (Fry, 2000). In addition to affecting the individual’s character and overall attitude, this way of thinking will impact on the amount satisfaction and life quality (Nasel, 2004). Having a purposeful attitude towards life is rooted in religious thinking. This viewpoint is emanated from critical existential thinking, creating personal meaning and
24 To cite this paper: Javdan M. and Nickkerdar M. A. 2011. The Study Relationship between Parenting Styles and Spiritual intelligence. J. Life Sci. Biomed. 1(1): 24-27. Journal homepage: http://jlsb.science-line.com/
transcendental consciousness. As a shield, it protects the individual against mental- psychological stresses, anxiety, tension and worries and increase man’s health and overall performance (Mascaro and Rosen, 2005)
According to Amram’s definition (2009), spiritual intelligence is a kind of ability that causes self- consciousness, self-control, profound understanding of meaning of life, purposefulness, increase in peace, the ability to communicate effectively with others and mental health. Spiritual intelligence is the consequence of the highest level of individual growth in the fields of cognition, meaning attainment, transcendental and moral communication (Vaughan, 2002). Therefore, spiritual intelligence can be an important factor in the individual’s compatibility in vicissitude and improvement of quality of life.
One of the main requirements of this study is paying attention to the factors affecting adolescents’ intellectual and mental ability and growth which are essential conditions for developing ideas and empowered individuals for the future of a society. Another necessity that is sensed in today’s contemporary social-historical system understands the relationship between spiritual intelligence and parenting styles. It is intended to provide this important feature in adolescents through strengthening and helping to the growth and development of these factors, thereby, to provide adolescents’ success rate in dealing with challenging situations, and to understand better the feeling of purposefulness in life and having the critical view towards the philosophy of being and life. The present research has investigated the relationship between spiritual intelligence and parenting styles among high school students in Bandar Abbas.
The aim of the present study is the relationship and the effect of parenting styles on spiritual intelligence, firmness of beliefs and ideas towards a transcendental being while facing problems. The necessity of this spiritual aspect is felt more than ever in the lives of modern students and adolescents. Making life personally meaningful is one of the components of spiritual intelligence. It results in improving life quality and reducing the intensifying signs of cognitive affairs while facing difficulties, frustration and mental and psychological concerns (Krauss, 2009). Understanding the factors is related to strengthening the beliefs and attitudes which help to improve life quality and ability to deal with inevitable daily events. It causes to provide this important feature in adolescents through strengthening and helping to the growth and development of these factors. So, the main hypothesis of this study is that there is a relationship between parenting styles and spiritual intelligence.
One of the factors having a significant influence on the growth and development of spiritual intelligence is the parenting styles; Family and culture are two influential factors in developing creativity, thinking, spiritual values and activating the high levels of spiritual intelligence such as meditation (King, 2008). Childhood is a golden opportunity for forming the layers of thought and high levels of spiritual intelligence and recognition of self-essence (Saidy, Hassan, Pertiwi, Fadzulahmm, Habibian, IsmiArif, and Krauss, 2009). If in childhood, in the field of enriching spiritual intelligence, proficient trainers are accompanied with a child and help him in understanding meaning and symbols, this factor can help children and adults both in the area of developing spiritual intelligence. The child can realize the secret of many stories, events and spiritual metaphors and find out great questions and answers of life (Vaughan, 2002). Though cognitive features and abilities may be affected by numerous factors over different stages, but one of the most influential factors is parents' parenting style. Parents’ behavior in early childhood can have long lasting and permanent effect on understanding principles and realizing the philosophy of being, such as spiritual intelligence (Hoffman, 1992, according to Vaugan, 2002).
One of the most fundamental functions of the family is the development of children’s character and improvement of their abilities and intelligence. The prevalent atmosphere in the family environment is one of the influential factors in developing spiritual recognition and intelligence. Intimate parents, who give their children the necessary freedom and help them in intellectual reasoning, lead them to develop their intellectual growth. They assist their children in finding the answers to the questions related to being and life. Consequently, such parents help the growth and development of thinking levels, intellectual growth and existentialist thinking (Elhageen, 2004). Parents, who themselves think and pray God and devote some time to communicate with the creator, provide a better background for children to develop spiritual feeling. Moreover, observing parents’ behavior is mostly considered as a good model for children’s behavior. In their studies based on the effect of parents’ performance on children’s cognitive and mental structural growth, Gunti and Buri (2008) realized that parents’ performance has everlasting impact on children’s thoughts, emotions, cognition and behavior. They also got to know that parents’ behavior can be regarded as a referential structure influencing children and their evaluation of themselves and the external world.
Materials and Methods
The statistical society of this research includes all high school male students in first up fourth grade of human sciences in Bandar Abbas. They are studying at high schools in this city in the academic year 2011-2012. The statistical sample included 160 of the above-mentioned students who were selected, from among all high school students from gr
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