disorders. Nevertheless, a recent Finnish survey of 8000individuals fo translation - disorders. Nevertheless, a recent Finnish survey of 8000individuals fo Indonesian how to say

disorders. Nevertheless, a recent F

disorders. Nevertheless, a recent Finnish survey of 8000
individuals found that registers were the most reliable
method of screening and identifying psychotic disorders.40
Not all HR mothers received a DSM-IV diagnosis of
schizophrenia spectrum disorder, although the initial
hospital discharge diagnosis had been a schizophrenia
spectrum psychosis in all mothers. However, the variables
predicting the future development of schizophrenia spectrum
disorder in the HR offspring remained the same
when the analysis was restricted to offspring of mothers
with DSM-IV schizophrenia spectrum disorder.
Previous studies have used different rating scales to
score the severity of obstetric complications. The choice
of scale has been shown to influence the results.41 After
careful consideration we chose not to use any existing
rating scale for scoring the complications, but to use the
information available in obstetric records as such. The
drawback of this approach was that we did multiple statistical
comparisons with the risk of false-positive findings
in the descriptive comparisons of the rates of individual
complications between the HR and control groups, and
within the HR group.
We lacked information on maternal behavior, such as
smoking, during pregnancy. It is possible that some of
the problems we observed, like placental abnormalities,
were at least partly related to such factors.2
Because of the low incidence of psychotic disorders
in the control group,8 we did not investigate whether
obstetric complications predicted future development of
schizophrenia spectrum psychoses in the control group
and could not test gene–environment interactions.
Finally, although our results are consistent with previous
research linking prenatal infections and hypertension/
preeclampsia to increased schizophrenia risk, the
HR children who develop schizophrenia may represent
a special form of schizophrenia, because they all have
high genetic risk. Thus, the findings of obstetric complications
and their influence on psychiatric morbidity
may not be generalizable to less familial forms of the
disorder.
Conclusions
Common medical problems during pregnancy—infections
and hypertension—and not labor-related factors
were associated with increased risk of schizophrenia
spectrum psychoses in the offspring of mothers with
schizophrenia spectrum psychoses. Also placental
abnormalities, which were common and mostly mild,
increased the risk of schizophrenia spectrum psychoses.
The complications that predicted future development
of schizophrenia spectrum psychoses in the HR
group were not more common in HR vs control mothers,
suggesting that the finding was not explained by a
gene–environment correlation. These results underline
the role of the prenatal period in the development of
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disorders. Nevertheless, a recent Finnish survey of 8000individuals found that registers were the most reliablemethod of screening and identifying psychotic disorders.40Not all HR mothers received a DSM-IV diagnosis ofschizophrenia spectrum disorder, although the initialhospital discharge diagnosis had been a schizophreniaspectrum psychosis in all mothers. However, the variablespredicting the future development of schizophrenia spectrumdisorder in the HR offspring remained the samewhen the analysis was restricted to offspring of motherswith DSM-IV schizophrenia spectrum disorder.Previous studies have used different rating scales toscore the severity of obstetric complications. The choiceof scale has been shown to influence the results.41 Aftercareful consideration we chose not to use any existingrating scale for scoring the complications, but to use theinformation available in obstetric records as such. Thedrawback of this approach was that we did multiple statisticalcomparisons with the risk of false-positive findingsin the descriptive comparisons of the rates of individualcomplications between the HR and control groups, andwithin the HR group.We lacked information on maternal behavior, such assmoking, during pregnancy. It is possible that some ofthe problems we observed, like placental abnormalities,were at least partly related to such factors.2Because of the low incidence of psychotic disordersin the control group,8 we did not investigate whetherobstetric complications predicted future development ofschizophrenia spectrum psychoses in the control groupand could not test gene–environment interactions.Finally, although our results are consistent with previousresearch linking prenatal infections and hypertension/preeclampsia to increased schizophrenia risk, theHR children who develop schizophrenia may representa special form of schizophrenia, because they all havehigh genetic risk. Thus, the findings of obstetric complicationsand their influence on psychiatric morbiditymay not be generalizable to less familial forms of thedisorder.ConclusionsCommon medical problems during pregnancy—infectionsand hypertension—and not labor-related factorswere associated with increased risk of schizophreniaspectrum psychoses in the offspring of mothers withschizophrenia spectrum psychoses. Also placentalabnormalities, which were common and mostly mild,increased the risk of schizophrenia spectrum psychoses.The complications that predicted future developmentof schizophrenia spectrum psychoses in the HRgroup were not more common in HR vs control mothers,suggesting that the finding was not explained by agene–environment correlation. These results underlinethe role of the prenatal period in the development of
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gangguan. Namun demikian, survei Finlandia terbaru dari 8000
orang menemukan bahwa register adalah yang paling diandalkan
metode skrining dan mengidentifikasi disorders.40 psikotik
Tidak semua ibu HR menerima diagnosis DSM-IV
gangguan spektrum skizofrenia, meskipun awal
diagnosis dari rumah sakit telah skizofrenia sebuah
spektrum psikosis di semua ibu. Namun, variabel
memprediksi perkembangan masa depan spektrum skizofrenia
gangguan pada keturunan HR tetap sama
ketika analisis dibatasi untuk keturunan ibu
dengan gangguan DSM-IV skizofrenia spektrum.
Penelitian sebelumnya telah menggunakan skala penilaian yang berbeda untuk
mencetak keparahan komplikasi kebidanan . Pilihan
skala telah ditunjukkan untuk mempengaruhi results.41 Setelah
pertimbangan cermat kami memilih untuk tidak menggunakan yang ada
skala rating untuk mencetak komplikasi, tetapi menggunakan
informasi yang tersedia dalam catatan kebidanan seperti itu. The
kelemahan dari pendekatan ini adalah bahwa kita melakukan beberapa statistik
perbandingan dengan risiko temuan positif palsu
dalam perbandingan deskriptif tingkat individu
komplikasi antara kelompok HR dan kontrol, dan
dalam kelompok HR.
Kami tidak memiliki informasi tentang perilaku ibu, seperti
merokok, selama kehamilan. Ada kemungkinan bahwa beberapa
masalah yang kita amati, seperti kelainan plasenta,
setidaknya sebagian terkait dengan factors.2 seperti
Karena insiden rendah gangguan psikotik
pada kelompok kontrol, 8 kami tidak menyelidiki apakah
komplikasi obstetri diprediksi pembangunan masa depan
psikosis spektrum skizofrenia pada kelompok kontrol
dan tidak dapat menguji interaksi gen-lingkungan.
Akhirnya, meskipun hasil kami konsisten dengan sebelumnya
penelitian menghubungkan infeksi prenatal dan hipertensi /
preeklampsia dengan peningkatan risiko skizofrenia, yang
anak-anak HR yang mengembangkan skizofrenia mungkin merupakan
bentuk khusus dari skizofrenia, karena mereka semua memiliki
risiko genetik tinggi. Dengan demikian, temuan komplikasi obstetri
dan pengaruh mereka pada morbiditas psikiatri
mungkin tidak digeneralisasikan untuk bentuk kurang familial dari
gangguan.
Kesimpulan
masalah medis umum selama kehamilan-infeksi
dan hipertensi-dan tidak faktor yang berhubungan dengan tenaga kerja
yang dikaitkan dengan peningkatan risiko skizofrenia
spektrum psikosis dalam keturunan ibu dengan
psikosis spektrum skizofrenia. Juga plasenta
kelainan, yang umum dan sebagian besar ringan,
meningkatkan risiko psikosis spektrum skizofrenia.
Komplikasi yang diperkirakan pembangunan masa depan
dari psikosis spektrum skizofrenia di HR
kelompok tidak lebih umum di HR vs ibu kontrol,
menunjukkan bahwa temuan itu tidak dijelaskan oleh
korelasi gen-lingkungan. Hasil ini menggarisbawahi
peran periode prenatal dalam pengembangan
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