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Earnings Management through Effective Tax Rates 449CARVol. 25 No. 2 (Summer 2008)about auditor independence and the provision of tax services. By considering boththe incentive to meet earnings targets and the payment to auditors and nonauditorsfor tax services, we provide additional evidence on whether the payment of taxfees to auditors is associated with opportunistic financial reporting of earnings andultimately whether these additional restrictions may be effective. Finally, consistentwith Healy and Wahlen 1999, we contribute to earnings management researchby focusing on specific accruals, which improves the likelihood of discerningbetween earnings management and effective tax planning as the reason fordecreases in ETRs.The remainder of this paper proceeds as follows. Section 2 provides our backgroundand hypotheses. Section 3 discusses our data and methodology. Section 4provides results, and section 5 concludes.2
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