DISCUSSION
Although the results of studies indicate that all three of Proctor’s functions are evident as outcomes of CS, the restorative functions are reported marginally
Table 4: Post Studies continued...
Author
Type of CS and sample
Other intervention
Focus of study
Outcomes*
N¹
F²
R³more often. In part this is a reflection of study design and outcome measures. That is, when only burnout and tedium were measured in relation to CS then only restorative outcomes are possible. Nevertheless, in studies where outcomes were open‑ended, forexample through unstructured interviews (Ardvidsson et al 2001; Berg et al 2000) the results indicate that the restorative nature of CS still predominates. In light of the fact that the origins of CS were formative, the results may serve to reinforce the stressful nature of nursing work and the subsequent need for colleague support.