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In rural areas, EPs are diffusely spread over the area and undergo transport by air, runoff, erosion or leaching untilreaching a water body. Properties such as adsorption behavior of pharmaceuticals for example can vary vastly indifferent soil types because they occur in both ionized and un-ionized form, which affects their interaction withdifferent compounds in the soil (ter Laak, Agbo, Barendregt, & Hermens ,2006). The presence of manure or sludgein agricultural soils can affect not only the sorption behavior of these materials but also their persistence (Monteiro &Boxall , 2009). The environmental behavior of engineered nanomaterials (ENM) is largely unknown.Transformationsof ENM before and after entry to the environment, such as surface modification by humic acids, interactions withcommon cations , and dissolution under natural conditions , may be important in controlling transport and fate,andrequire further research (Kasel etal. , 2013 a, b; Liang et al.,2013). Their behavior is different than that of non - particulate contaminants , so new paradigms will be needed for ENM in water, soil , sediment and biota . Research isneeded in this area to produce information that can be used to develop,refine and calibrate models for studying EPs.
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