IntroductionAntimicrobialsusceptibi

Introduction
Antimicrobialsusceptibilitytestingcanbeusedfordrugdis-
covery,epidemiologyandpredictionoftherapeuticoutcome.In this review,wefocusedontheuseofantimicrobialtesting
methods forthe in vitro investigationofextractsandpuredrugsas
potentialantimicrobialagents.
After therevolutioninthe “golden era”, whenalmostallgroups
of importantantibiotics(tetracyclines,cephalosporins,aminogly-
cosides andmacrolides)werediscoveredandthemainproblems
of chemotherapyweresolvedinthe1960s,thehistoryrepeats
itself nowadaysandtheseexcitingcompoundsareindangerof
losing theirefficacy becauseoftheincreaseinmicrobialresistance
[1]. Currently,itsimpactisconsiderablewithtreatmentfailures
associatedwithmultidrug-resistantbacteriaandithasbecomea
global concerntopublichealth [2,3].
Forthisreason,discoveryofnewantibioticsisanexclusively
important objective.Naturalproductsarestilloneofthemajor
sourcesofnewdrugmoleculestoday.Theyarederivedfrom
prokaryoticbacteria,eukaryoticmicroorganisms,plantsand
variousanimalorganisms.Microbialandplantproductsoccupy
the majorpartoftheantimicrobialcompoundsdiscovereduntil
now [4].
Plants andothernaturalsourcescanprovideahugerangeof
complexandstructurallydiversecompounds.Recently,manyre-
searchershavefocusedontheinvestigationofplantandmicrobial
extracts,essentialoils,puresecondarymetabolitesandnewsyn-
thetized moleculesaspotentialantimicrobialagents [5–7]. How-
ever,whenwereviewedthepublishedarticlesontheanti-
microbial effectofthesenaturalproducts,thecomparisonbe-
tween resultsisoftendifficult, becauseoftheuseofdifferentnon-
standardizedapproachesinoculumpreparationtechniques,
inoculum size,growthmedium,incubationconditionsandend-
points determination.
The factthataplantextractexhibitsantimicrobialactivityisof
interest,butthispreliminarypartofdatashouldbetrustworthy
and allowresearcherstocompareresults,avoidingworkinwhich
researchersusetheantimicrobialactivityinvestigationonlyasa
complement toaphytochemicalstudy.
A varietyoflaboratorymethodscanbeusedtoevaluateor
screenthe in vitro antimicrobialactivityofanextractorapure
compound. Themostknownandbasicmethodsarethedisk-dif-
fusion andbrothoragardilutionmethods.Othermethodsare
used especiallyforantifungaltesting,suchaspoisonedfood
technique.Tofurtherstudytheantimicrobialeffectofanagentin
depth,time-killtestand flow cytofluorometric methodsarere-
commended, whichprovideinformationonthenatureofthein-
hibitory effect(bactericidalorbacteriostatic)(time-dependentor
concentration-dependent) andthecelldamageinflicted tothetest
microorganism.
Owing tothenewattractiontothepropertiesofnewanti-
microbial productslikecombatingmultidrug-resistantbacteria,it
is importanttodevelopabetterunderstandingofthecurrent
methods availableforscreeningand/orquantifyingtheanti-
microbial effectofanextractorapurecompoundforitsapplica-
tions inhumanhealth,agricultureandenvironment.Therefore,in
this review,thetechniquesforevaluatingthe in vitro antimicrobial
activitywerediscussedindetail.
2. Diffusionmethods
2.1.Agardisk-diffusionmethod

Results (Indonesian) 1:

PengenalanAntimicrobialsusceptibilitytestingcanbeusedfordrugdis-covery, epidemiologyandpredictionoftherapeuticoutcome. Dalam tinjauan ini, wefocusedontheuseofantimicrobialtestingmetode untuk investigationofextractsandpuredrugsas secara in vitropotentialantimicrobialagents.Setelah therevolutioninthe "zaman keemasan", whenalmostallgroupsdari importantantibiotics (tetracyclines, sefalosporin, aminogly-werediscoveredandthemainproblems cosides andmacrolides)dari chemotherapyweresolvedinthe1960s, thehistoryrepeatsitu sendiri nowadaysandtheseexcitingcompoundsareindangerofkehilangan theirefficacy becauseoftheincreaseinmicrobialresistance[1]. saat ini, itsimpactisconsiderablewithtreatmentfailuresassociatedwithmultidrug-resistantbacteriaandithasbecomeaGlobal concerntopublichealth [2,3].Forthisreason, discoveryofnewantibioticsisanexclusivelytujuan penting. Naturalproductsarestilloneofthemajorsourcesofnewdrugmoleculestoday. Theyarederivedfromprokaryoticbacteria, eukaryoticmicroorganisms, plantsandvariousanimalorganisms. Microbialandplantproductsoccupymajorpartoftheantimicrobialcompoundsdiscovereduntilsekarang [4].Tanaman andothernaturalsourcescanprovideahugerangeofcomplexandstructurallydiversecompounds. Baru-baru ini, manyre-searchershavefocusedontheinvestigationofplantandmicrobial««««ekstrak, essentialoils, puresecondarymetabolitesandnewsyn-thetized moleculesaspotentialantimicrobialagents [5 – 7]. Bagaimana-sebelumnya, whenwereviewedthepublishedarticlesontheanti-mikroba effectofthesenaturalproducts, thecomparisonbe-tween resultsisoftendifficult, becauseoftheuseofdifferentnon-standardizedapproachesinoculumpreparationtechniques,ukuran inoculum, growthmedium, incubationconditionsandend-penentuan poin.Factthataplantextractexhibitsantimicrobialactivityisofbunga, butthispreliminarypartofdatashouldbetrustworthydan allowresearcherstocompareresults, avoidingworkinwhichresearchersusetheantimicrobialactivityinvestigationonlyasamelengkapi toaphytochemicalstudy.Varietyoflaboratorymethodscanbeusedtoevaluateorscreenthe dalam vitro antimicrobialactivityofanextractorapuresenyawa. Themostknownandbasicmethodsarethedisk-dif -Fusion andbrothoragardilutionmethods. Othermethodsaredigunakan especiallyforantifungaltesting, suchaspoisonedfoodteknik. Tofurtherstudytheantimicrobialeffectofanagentinkedalaman, waktu-killtestand aliran cytofluorometric methodsarere-pujian, whichprovideinformationonthenatureofthein-hibitory effect(bactericidalorbacteriostatic)(time-dependentorkonsentrasi ketergantungan) andthecelldamageinflicted tothetestmikroorganisme.Karena tothenewattractiontothepropertiesofnewanti-mikroba productslikecombatingmultidrug-resistantbacteria, ituadalah importanttodevelopabetterunderstandingofthecurrentmetode availableforscreeningand/orquantifyingtheanti-mikroba effectofanextractorapurecompoundforitsapplica-tions inhumanhealth, agricultureandenvironment. Oleh karena itu, dalamTinjauan ini, thetechniquesforevaluatingthe in vitro antimikrobaactivitywerediscussedindetail.2. Diffusionmethods2.1.Agardisk-diffusionmethod

Results (Indonesian) 2:

ulasan ini, wefocusedontheuseofantimicrobialtesting metode forthe in vitro investigationofextractsandpuredrugsas potentialantimicrobialagents. Setelah therevolutioninthe "era keemasan", whenalmostallgroups dari importantantibiotics (tetrasiklin, sefalosporin, aminogly- cosides andmacrolides) werediscoveredandthemainproblems dari chemotherapyweresolvedinthe1960s, thehistoryrepeats sendiri nowadaysandtheseexcitingcompoundsareindangerof kehilangan becauseoftheincreaseinmicrobialresistance theirefficacy [1]. concerntopublichealth [2,3]. Forthisreason, discoveryofnewantibioticsisanexclusively penting majorpartoftheantimicrobialcompoundsdiscovereduntil sekarang [4]. Tanaman moleculesaspotentialantimicrobialagents [5-7]. Bagaimanapun pernah, whenwereviewedthepublishedarticlesontheanti- effectofthesenaturalproducts mikroba, thecomparisonbe- tween resultsisoftendifficult, becauseoftheuseofdifferentnon- standardizedapproachesinoculumpreparationtechniques, ukuran inokulum, growthmedium, incubationconditionsandend- poin penentuan. The toaphytochemicalstudy. Sebuah varietyoflaboratorymethodscanbeusedtoevaluateor screenthe in vitro antimicrobialactivityofanextractorapure senyawa. Themostknownandbasicmethodsarethedisk--beda fusion andbrothoragardilutionmethods.Othermethodsare digunakan mengalir cytofluorometric methodsarere- dipuji, whichprovideinformationonthenatureofthein- efek hibitory (bactericidalorbacteriostatic) (time-dependentor tergantung konsentrasi) andthecelldamageinflicted tothetest mikroorganisme. Karena tothenewattractiontothepropertiesofnewanti- mikroba productslikecombatingmultidrug-resistantbacteria, itu adalah importanttodevelopabetterunderstandingofthecurrent metode availableforscreeningand / orquantifyingtheanti- mikroba effectofanextractorapurecompoundforitsapplica- tions inhumanhealth, agricultureandenvironment.Therefore , di ulasan ini, thetechniquesforevaluatingthe in vitro antimikroba activitywerediscussedindetail. 2. Diffusionmethods 2.1.Agardisk-diffusionmethod