4.3. Locally absent rings in infected black spruceStem analysis was cr translation - 4.3. Locally absent rings in infected black spruceStem analysis was cr Indonesian how to say

4.3. Locally absent rings in infect

4.3. Locally absent rings in infected black spruce
Stem analysis was crucial in documenting that growth decline in infected black spruce trees was often accompanied by the interruption of radial growth in the lower stem. In black spruce trees, Armillaria was observed to cause a reduction in radial growth in the area immediately above the infected root extending up to 3 m above the soil line (Cruickshank, 2002). Discontinuous or locally absent rings are a result of locally inactive cambia and are common in trees that are dying due to minimally available resources, reduced ability of the crown to assimilate nutrients, or local cambial death (Schweingruber, 2007). It is likely that in infected black spruce trees the absence of ring formation at lower stem was associated with local cambial death caused by stem invasion by fungal hyphae (Shigo and Tippett, 1981). Armillaria mellea (Vahl: Fr) was reported to surround the stem with hyphal strands that advance at different speeds (Schweingruber, 2007). In the upper stem, tree growth may have been maintained through the use of older tracheid conduits that are still functional (Cherubini et al., 2002).
Not recognizing the potential presence of locally absent rings in the lower stem (DBH and below) of infected trees makes it difficult to precisely estimate true mortality dates. In most cases, this would lead to an underestimation of the tree age at time of mortality. The non-recognition of missing or locally absent rings would also affect the determination of tree longevity and length of growth decline period, thus influencing all productivity assessments. If the presence of locally absent rings in the lower stem is valid for other diseases and tree species, sampling only at or below DBH may also have undetermined implications when modeling tree mortality.
4.4. Black spruce stand dynamics and management
In boreal forests, upland black spruce stands usually establish as even-aged cohorts following stand-replacing fires (Tardif, 2004). In the absence of recurring fires, gap dynamics associated with pathogens, windthrow and insect outbreaks may become the prevalent disturbance in mature stands (Aakala et al., 2007). In the DMPF, a large proportion of the black spruce stands originated from large fires in the 1880s (Gill, 1930; Tardif, 2004) and these mature forests are currently in transition (Epp et al., 2009). In absence of fire and with time, stand breakup occurs as the post-fire even-aged black spruce cohort experiences mortality and
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4.3. Locally absent rings in infected black spruceStem analysis was crucial in documenting that growth decline in infected black spruce trees was often accompanied by the interruption of radial growth in the lower stem. In black spruce trees, Armillaria was observed to cause a reduction in radial growth in the area immediately above the infected root extending up to 3 m above the soil line (Cruickshank, 2002). Discontinuous or locally absent rings are a result of locally inactive cambia and are common in trees that are dying due to minimally available resources, reduced ability of the crown to assimilate nutrients, or local cambial death (Schweingruber, 2007). It is likely that in infected black spruce trees the absence of ring formation at lower stem was associated with local cambial death caused by stem invasion by fungal hyphae (Shigo and Tippett, 1981). Armillaria mellea (Vahl: Fr) was reported to surround the stem with hyphal strands that advance at different speeds (Schweingruber, 2007). In the upper stem, tree growth may have been maintained through the use of older tracheid conduits that are still functional (Cherubini et al., 2002).Not recognizing the potential presence of locally absent rings in the lower stem (DBH and below) of infected trees makes it difficult to precisely estimate true mortality dates. In most cases, this would lead to an underestimation of the tree age at time of mortality. The non-recognition of missing or locally absent rings would also affect the determination of tree longevity and length of growth decline period, thus influencing all productivity assessments. If the presence of locally absent rings in the lower stem is valid for other diseases and tree species, sampling only at or below DBH may also have undetermined implications when modeling tree mortality.4.4. Black spruce stand dynamics and managementIn boreal forests, upland black spruce stands usually establish as even-aged cohorts following stand-replacing fires (Tardif, 2004). In the absence of recurring fires, gap dynamics associated with pathogens, windthrow and insect outbreaks may become the prevalent disturbance in mature stands (Aakala et al., 2007). In the DMPF, a large proportion of the black spruce stands originated from large fires in the 1880s (Gill, 1930; Tardif, 2004) and these mature forests are currently in transition (Epp et al., 2009). In absence of fire and with time, stand breakup occurs as the post-fire even-aged black spruce cohort experiences mortality and
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4.3. Lokal cincin absen di cemara hitam yang terinfeksi
analisis Stem sangat penting dalam mendokumentasikan bahwa penurunan pertumbuhan pohon cemara hitam yang terinfeksi sering disertai dengan gangguan pertumbuhan radial di batang bawah. Di pohon cemara hitam, Armillaria diamati menyebabkan penurunan pertumbuhan radial di daerah tepat di atas akar terinfeksi memperpanjang hingga 3 m di atas garis tanah (Cruickshank, 2002). Cincin terputus atau lokal absen adalah hasil dari cambia lokal tidak aktif dan yang umum di pohon-pohon yang mati karena sumber daya minimal yang tersedia, mengurangi kemampuan mahkota untuk menyerap nutrisi, atau cambial kematian lokal (Schweingruber, 2007). Sangat mungkin bahwa di pohon cemara hitam yang terinfeksi tidak adanya pembentukan cincin di batang bawah dikaitkan dengan kematian cambial lokal disebabkan oleh invasi batang oleh hifa jamur (Shigo dan Tippet, 1981). Armillaria mellea (Vahl: Fr) dilaporkan mengelilingi batang dengan untaian hifa yang muka pada kecepatan yang berbeda (Schweingruber, 2007). Dalam batang atas, pertumbuhan pohon mungkin telah dipertahankan melalui penggunaan saluran trakeid tua yang masih fungsional (Cherubini et al., 2002).
Tidak mengakui adanya potensi cincin lokal absen di batang bawah (DBH dan bawah) dari pohon yang terinfeksi membuat sulit untuk secara tepat memperkirakan tanggal kematian benar. Dalam kebanyakan kasus, ini akan menyebabkan meremehkan usia pohon pada saat kematian. The non-pengakuan cincin yang hilang atau lokal hadir juga akan mempengaruhi penentuan umur panjang pohon dan panjang periode penurunan pertumbuhan, sehingga mempengaruhi semua penilaian produktivitas. Jika kehadiran cincin lokal absen di batang bawah berlaku untuk penyakit lain dan jenis pohon, pengambilan sampel hanya pada atau di bawah DBH juga mungkin memiliki implikasi yang belum ditentukan saat pemodelan kematian pohon.
4.4. Hitam cemara berdiri dinamika dan manajemen
Di hutan boreal, cemara hitam dataran tinggi berdiri biasanya membangun kohort sebagai bahkan baya berikut stand-menggantikan kebakaran (Tardif, 2004). Dengan tidak adanya berulang kebakaran, gap dinamika yang terkait dengan patogen, windthrow dan serangga wabah dapat menjadi gangguan umum di tribun dewasa (Aakala et al., 2007). Dalam DMPF, sebagian besar tribun cemara hitam berasal dari kebakaran besar di tahun 1880-an (Gill, 1930; Tardif, 2004) dan hutan-hutan yang matang saat dalam masa transisi (Epp et al, 2009.). Dalam ketiadaan api dan dengan waktu, berdiri perpisahan terjadi sebagai pasca-api bahkan-berusia cemara hitam kohort mengalami kematian dan
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