30-9 30.2 The Tax Forms of Acquisitions  • In a taxable acquisition, t translation - 30-9 30.2 The Tax Forms of Acquisitions  • In a taxable acquisition, t Indonesian how to say

30-9 30.2 The Tax Forms of Acquisit


30-9


30.2 The Tax Forms of Acquisitions

• In a taxable acquisition, the shareholders of the target firm are considered to have sold their shares, and they will have capital gain/losses that will be taxed.

• In a tax-free acquisition, since the acquisition is considered an exchange instead of a sale, no capital gain or loss occurs.

















McGraw-Hill Ryerson © 2003 McGraw–Hill Ryerson Limited




30-10


30.3 Accounting for Acquisitions

• The Purchase Method

– The source of much “goodwill”

• Pooling of Interests

• Pooling of interest is generally used when the acquiring firm issues voting stock in exchange for at least 90-percent of the outstanding voting stock of the acquired firm.

• Purchase accounting is generally used under other financing arrangements.








McGraw-Hill Ryerson © 2003 McGraw–Hill Ryerson Limited




30-11
30.4 Determining the Synergy from an
Acquisition

• Most acquisitions fail to create value for the acquirer.

• The main reason why they do not lies in failures to integrate two companies after a merger.

– Intellectual capital often walks out the door when acquisitions aren't handled carefully.

– Traditionally, acquisitions deliver value when they allow for scale economies or market power, better products and services in the market, or learning from the new firms.











McGraw-Hill Ryerson © 2003 McGraw–Hill Ryerson Limited


30-12



30.5 Source of Synergy from Acquisitions




• Revenue Enhancement

• Cost Reduction

– Including replacing ineffective managers.

• Tax Gains

– Net Operating Losses

– Unused Debt Capacity

• The Cost of Capital

– Economies of Scale in Underwriting.













McGraw-Hill Ryerson © 2003 McGraw–Hill Ryerson Limited

30-13 30.6 Calculating the Value of the Firm after an Acquisition


• Avoiding Mistakes

– Do not Ignore Market Values

– Estimate only Incremental Cash Flows

– Use the Correct Discount Rate

– Don’t Forget Transactions Costs
























McGraw-Hill Ryerson © 2003 McGraw–Hill Ryerson Limited

30-14 30.7 A Cost to Stockholders from
Reduction in Risk


• The Base Case

– If two all-equity firms merge, there is no transfer of
synergies to bondholders, but if…

• One Firm has Debt

– The value of the levered shareholder’s call option falls.

• How Can Shareholders Reduce their Losses from the Coinsurance Effect?

– Retire debt pre-merger.













McGraw-Hill Ryerson © 2003 McGraw–Hill Ryerson Limited

30-15



30.8 Two "Bad" Reasons for Mergers




• Earnings Growth

– Only an accounting illusion.

• Diversification

– Shareholders who wish to diversify can accomplish this at much lower cost with one phone call to their broker than can management with a takeover.






















McGraw-Hill Ryerson © 2003 McGraw–Hill Ryerson Limited

30-16



30.9 The NPV of a Merger




• Typically, a firm would use NPV analysis when making acquisitions.

• The analysis is straightforward with a cash offer, but gets complicated when the consideration is stock.
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30-9 30.2 The Tax Forms of Acquisitions • In a taxable acquisition, the shareholders of the target firm are considered to have sold their shares, and they will have capital gain/losses that will be taxed.• In a tax-free acquisition, since the acquisition is considered an exchange instead of a sale, no capital gain or loss occurs.McGraw-Hill Ryerson © 2003 McGraw–Hill Ryerson Limited 30-10 30.3 Accounting for Acquisitions • The Purchase Method– The source of much “goodwill”• Pooling of Interests• Pooling of interest is generally used when the acquiring firm issues voting stock in exchange for at least 90-percent of the outstanding voting stock of the acquired firm.• Purchase accounting is generally used under other financing arrangements.McGraw-Hill Ryerson © 2003 McGraw–Hill Ryerson Limited 30-11 30.4 Determining the Synergy from anAcquisition • Most acquisitions fail to create value for the acquirer.• The main reason why they do not lies in failures to integrate two companies after a merger.– Intellectual capital often walks out the door when acquisitions aren't handled carefully.– Traditionally, acquisitions deliver value when they allow for scale economies or market power, better products and services in the market, or learning from the new firms.McGraw-Hill Ryerson © 2003 McGraw–Hill Ryerson Limited 30-12 30.5 Source of Synergy from Acquisitions• Revenue Enhancement• Cost Reduction– Including replacing ineffective managers.• Tax Gains– Net Operating Losses– Unused Debt Capacity• The Cost of Capital– Economies of Scale in Underwriting. McGraw-Hill Ryerson © 2003 McGraw–Hill Ryerson Limited 30-13 30.6 Calculating the Value of the Firm after an Acquisition• Avoiding Mistakes– Do not Ignore Market Values– Estimate only Incremental Cash Flows– Use the Correct Discount Rate– Don’t Forget Transactions CostsMcGraw-Hill Ryerson © 2003 McGraw–Hill Ryerson Limited 30-14 30.7 A Cost to Stockholders fromReduction in Risk• The Base Case– If two all-equity firms merge, there is no transfer ofsynergies to bondholders, but if…• One Firm has Debt– The value of the levered shareholder’s call option falls.• How Can Shareholders Reduce their Losses from the Coinsurance Effect?– Retire debt pre-merger.McGraw-Hill Ryerson © 2003 McGraw–Hill Ryerson Limited 30-15 30.8 Two "Bad" Reasons for Mergers• Earnings Growth– Only an accounting illusion.• Diversification– Shareholders who wish to diversify can accomplish this at much lower cost with one phone call to their broker than can management with a takeover. McGraw-Hill Ryerson © 2003 McGraw–Hill Ryerson Limited 30-16 30.9 The NPV of a Merger• Typically, a firm would use NPV analysis when making acquisitions.• The analysis is straightforward with a cash offer, but gets complicated when the consideration is stock.
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30-9 30.2 Bentuk Pajak dari Akuisisi • Dalam akuisisi kena pajak, pemegang saham perusahaan target dianggap telah menjual saham mereka, dan mereka akan memiliki capital gain / kerugian yang akan dikenakan pajak. • Dalam akuisisi bebas pajak, sejak akuisisi dianggap pertukaran bukan penjualan, tidak ada capital gain atau loss terjadi. McGraw-Hill Ryerson © 2003 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Terbatas 30-10 30,3 Akuntansi akuisisi • Metode Pembelian - sumber banyak "goodwill" • pooling kepentingan • penyatuan kepentingan umumnya digunakan ketika isu perusahaan mengakuisisi saham berhak suara dalam pertukaran untuk setidaknya 90 persen dari saham hak suara dari perusahaan yang diakuisisi. • akuntansi Pembelian umumnya digunakan di bawah pembiayaan lainnya. McGraw-Hill Ryerson © 2003 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Terbatas 30-11 30,4 Menentukan Synergy dari sebuah akuisisi • Kebanyakan akuisisi gagal untuk menciptakan nilai bagi perusahaan pengakuisisi. • alasan utama mengapa mereka tidak terletak pada kegagalan untuk mengintegrasikan dua perusahaan setelah merger. - modal intelektual sering berjalan keluar pintu saat akuisisi tidak ditangani dengan hati-hati. - secara tradisional, akuisisi memberikan nilai ketika mereka memungkinkan untuk skala ekonomi atau kekuatan pasar, produk dan layanan yang lebih baik di pasar, atau belajar dari perusahaan-perusahaan baru. McGraw-Hill Ryerson © 2003 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Terbatas 30-12 30,5 Sumber Synergy dari Akuisisi • Pendapatan Enhancement • Pengurangan Biaya - Termasuk mengganti manajer tidak efektif. • Keuntungan Pajak - Kerugian operasi Bersih - tidak digunakan Utang Kapasitas • Biaya Modal -. Skala Ekonomis di Underwriting McGraw -Hill Ryerson © 2003 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Terbatas 30-13 30,6 Menghitung Nilai Firm setelah Akuisisi • Menghindari Kesalahan - Jangan Abaikan Nilai Pasar - Perkirakan hanya Incremental Arus Kas - Gunakan Discount Rate Benar - Jangan Lupakan Transaksi Biaya McGraw-Hill Ryerson © 2003 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Terbatas 30-14 30,7 A Biaya untuk Pemegang saham dari Pengurangan Risiko • The Base Case - Jika dua perusahaan semua-ekuitas menggabungkan, tidak ada transfer dari sinergi untuk pemegang obligasi, tetapi jika ... • satu Firm memiliki hutang - nilai call option pemegang saham leverage jatuh. • Bagaimana Pemegang Saham Bisa Mengurangi Kerugian mereka dari Efek Coinsurance? - Pensiun utang pra-merger. McGraw-Hill Ryerson © 2003 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Terbatas 30-15 30,8 Dua "Bad" Alasan untuk Merger Pertumbuhan • Laba -. Hanya ilusi akuntansi • diversifikasi - Pemegang Saham yang ingin diversifikasi dapat mencapai biaya ini jauh lebih rendah dengan satu panggilan telepon ke broker mereka daripada manajemen dapat dengan pengambilalihan. McGraw-Hill Ryerson © 2003 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Terbatas 30-16 30,9 NPV dari Penggabungan • Biasanya, perusahaan akan menggunakan analisis NPV ketika membuat akuisisi. • analisis sangat mudah dengan tawaran tunai, tapi jadi rumit ketika pertimbangan adalah saham.

















































































































































































































































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