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Consequently, if the various pictures on the street signs were functioning qua pictures, they would represent different objects. On the contrary, however, they represent precisely the same state of affairs. Hence, they are functioning qua conventional signs.Since statements are vehicles of information, and pictures are not pictures are not statements. Since pictures in general are not statements, works of pictorial art in particular are not stateanents. A painting by Canaletuo of San Marco, for example, represents San Marco, but it does not make any statements about the Venetian cathedral. In other words, the picture is not a semantic representation. If it represents at all, it an illustrative representation. This point is quite general. is Many paintings, drawings and other works of visual art are clearly representational. Since they are not semantic representations, they must be illustrations. Even if works of visual art are illustrations, however, one might think that the other arts do not employ illustrative representation. The coming sections are designed to show that they doRepresentation in literatureof all the arts, the literary arts seem most likely to yield examples of semantic representation. Their medium is language, and language is the medium of semantic representation par excellence. Counting against this consideration is the fact that most of the sentences in most works of literature are false and falsehoods cannot be semantic representations. Although most sentences in works of literature are false, perhaps they nevertheless state truths. According to one proposal, works ofliterature, including novels, poems and short stories, obliquely make statements. That is, the falsehoods of which they are composed somehow imply true statements. An alternative proposal suggests that literal falsehoods can be true in another, non-literal sense. If so, a collection of false sentences might still amount toasemantic representation. Neither of these proposals is acceptable. Illustration is the primary form of representation in the literary arts.Let us begin with the proposal that sentences in works of literature are true in a non-literal sense. This suggestion is frequently heard in discussions of metaphor It is suggested, for example, that Juliet is the sun' is literally false but metaphorically true. The sentence is literally false since Juliet is not a huge, super-heated ball of luminous gasses. Still, many people think, the sentence can be used to make a true statement. Something similar might be said about the sentences that compose works of literature. One might think that these sentences can have two truth-values: literal falsehood but non-literal truth. So, for example, sentences in Pride and Prejudice literally (and falsely) state that Elizabeth Bennet was slighted by Fitzwilliam Darcy at a ball.
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