A modeling language such as Functional Strips can be used in this
setting to reduce modeling time without incurring in a substantial over head at run time. For that, Functional Strips can be used for describing the dynamics of the domain which can then be automatically compiled into efficient run-time procedures (i.e., procedures for testing when an action is applicable in a state and for computing successor states). These compiled procedures can take the place of the routines written by hand. They will impose a minimal overhead if the encoding of the problem is such that the resulting state representation is in correspondence with the state representation used by a specialized program. As argued above, this can often be achieved in Functional Strips but is more difficult to achieve in Strips or ADL languages where the number of ground actions often explodes and state representations have often little to do with specialized representations.