Results (
Thai) 1: 
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DISCUSSIONThis is the first randomized, controlled trial on the effects of a self-massage protocol applied to the quadriceps muscle on adults with knee OA. The results of the study indicated that at intake, median WOMAC measurements of three subscales (pain, stiffness, and physical function) did not differ between intervention and control groups (Table 1). Intervention and control groups did, however, differ on mean intake levels of ROM extension (Table 1). The ANCOVA analyses were used to test for differences in postscores between the control and experimental groups after controlling for preexisting factors. The results revealed a significant difference in mean postscores between the control and experimental groups in 21 out of 24 WOMAC subscales (Table 2). Thus, the null hypothesis was rejected. The symptoms in the WOMAC subscales most significantly improved by the between-group analysis (p = .001) were pain at night while in bed; stiffness when waking in the morning; and physical functions of descending stairs, putting on socks, rising from bed, and lying in bed. On the other hand in Table 2, self-massage results in the between-group analysis showed no significant results in stiffness while lying, sitting, or resting later in the day; getting in and out of the bath; or difficulty in sitting.
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