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Predictors of vigor: personality fa

Predictors of vigor: personality factors
Personality and physiological factors are likely to impact directly vigor and moderate its relationships with its consequences. I expect that men would experience higher levels of physical vigor than women because the accepted norms associated with the masculine gender role emphasize strength, independence, and invulnerability (Stanton et al., 2002). The literature on dispositional influences on affective states may lead to the expectation that those high on the personality trait of extraversion (or positive affectivity) are more likely to experience vigor relative to those high on the trait of neuroticism (cf. Brief and Weiss, 2002).

Work-related predictors of vigor
Because employees’ work-related affective states reflect their appraisals of their on-the-job experiences, organizations do not have a direct way of eliciting specific affective responses in their employees. Organizations do attempt to regulate employees’ emotions, including by means of prescribing, neutralizing, buffering, or normalizing them (cf. Ashforth and Humphrey, 1995). In the following, I will discuss work elements and features likely to increase the likelihood of employees feeling invigorated. Job-related resources. Hackman and Oldham (1980) have developed one of the most influential models explaining, inter alia, employee positive affective states by certain job features. The job characteristic model (Hackman and Oldham, 1980) posits that the higher the levels of five job characteristics, namely task autonomy, significance, feedback, identity and skill variety, the more pronounced the resultant psychological states which lead in turn to higher employee job satisfaction and performance. Empirical research has shown that the most powerful predictors of employee job satisfaction and performance were job autonomy and feedback (Fried and Ferris, 1989). Brousseau (1983) has argued that autonomous jobs, namely jobs that allow employees to formulate more elaborated work plans and
pursue self-determined goals, would enhance feelings of personal efficacy and thereby enhance their feelings of cognitive liveliness.

Group-level resources.
Work groups tend to share emotions because of common socialization experiences and common organizational features, norms and regulations that govern the expression of emotions, task interdependence, and the phenomenon of emotional contagion (Brief and Weiss, 2002). It has been found that work teams characterized by mutual trust and high social support tend to be more cohesive and goal-directed, and that these qualities in turn lead to favorable employee morale and job-related well-being (Karasek and Theorell, 1990). Specifically, work group cohesion was found to predict vigor, measured as a mood state (Terry et al., 2000).

Leadership style.
There are indications in the literature that leaders who feel energetic are likely to energize their followers (cf. Brief and Weiss, 2002). Displaying vigor is probably expected from employees in managerial roles (e.g. Church and Waclawsk, 1998). In a similar vein, the leadership literature often makes the claim that transformational leaders often exhibit energizing emotions in order to arouse similar emotional states among their followers (Avolio, 1999). This literature suggests that intellectual stimulation, a component of transformational leadership which consists of encouraging followers to think creatively (Avolio, 1999), is likely to have a direct positive effect on cognitive liveliness, a component of vigor.

Organizational resources.
Employee participation in decision making has the potential to increase one’s exposure to many sources of information, enhance one’s being able to adjust more flexibly to the demands of diverse role partners, and enable one’s capability to develop cognitive skill such as finding creative solutions that integrate diverse viewpoints (Spector, 1986).

Consequences of vigor
Job performance and organizational effectiveness Existing research on positive affect has supported the view that both naturally occurring and induced positive affective states tend to facilitate flexible, effective problem solving and decision making (Baumann and Kuhl, 2005; Isen, 2001). A body of studies suggests that positive affective states are closely associated with more efficient cognitive processing of information and therefore have direct impact on the ability component of task performance (Isen, 2004). In addition, positive affective states have been found to antecede creativity in work organizations (James et al., 2004; Staw and Barsade, 1993). However, there has been relatively little consideration of the impact of vigor as an affective state on various individual- and organizational-relevant outcomes. The close relationship between vigor and motivation was noted in the introductory section. Recently, it has been shown that when the mental representation of a behavioral goal is associated with positive affects, it automatically signals to the person that the goal is desired and worth pursuing and therefore promotes motivational activity designed to accomplish the goal (Custers and Aarts, 2005). Vigor, like most other positive affects, facilitates goal-directed behavior (Carver and Scheier, 1990) or approach behavior (Fredrickson, 2002; Watson, 2002) and therefore could be expected to prompt individuals to engage with their job and work environment. Several studies have documented the role of positive emotions in
promoting performance (Huy, 1999; Rafaeli and Worline, 2001; Staw et al., 1994). Indeed, performance is interwoven with emotion in organizational life. Positive emotions have been linked to several performance-related behaviors, including enhanced creativity, more effective decision-making, sales-related prosocial behaviors, and the use of more successful negotiation strategies (Baron, 1990; Forgas, 1998; George, 1991; Staw and Barsade, 1993). While vigor is not specifically referred to in the above literature, I assume that the relationship between vigor and job performance will be positive, and that it is likely to be reciprocal rather than recursive. Physical and mental health Individuals’ level of vigor may be considered as an indicator of their optimal psychological functioning. The reason: many investigators defined the conceptual domain of health-related quality of life as including vigor. To illustrate, the operational definition of well-being by the World Health Organization (WHOQOL Group, 1994), used in their questionnaire, includes items like ‘I feel energetic’, ‘I feel active’, ‘I feel vigorous’, and ‘I wake up feeling fresh’, items used in part in the measure of vigor described elsewhere (Shirom, 2004). While vigor’s likely effects on mental well-being are straightforward, its effects on physical well-being are more complex (cf. Edwards and Cooper, 1988). One of the limitations regarding the body of knowledge on the effects of positive emotions on physical health is that while we know that these effects tend to be positive in sign, the nature of the physiological pathways linking these two entities are hardly understood (Ryff and Singer, 2002). It has been suggested that positive emotions change the levels of brain dopamine (Ashby et al., 1999), thereby simultaneously expanding cognitive functioning and regulating cardiovascular activity. Another possible physiological pathway is that linking positive emotions with improved immune function (e.g. Salovey et al., 2000a).

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Predictors of vigor: personality factorsPersonality and physiological factors are likely to impact directly vigor and moderate its relationships with its consequences. I expect that men would experience higher levels of physical vigor than women because the accepted norms associated with the masculine gender role emphasize strength, independence, and invulnerability (Stanton et al., 2002). The literature on dispositional influences on affective states may lead to the expectation that those high on the personality trait of extraversion (or positive affectivity) are more likely to experience vigor relative to those high on the trait of neuroticism (cf. Brief and Weiss, 2002).Work-related predictors of vigorBecause employees’ work-related affective states reflect their appraisals of their on-the-job experiences, organizations do not have a direct way of eliciting specific affective responses in their employees. Organizations do attempt to regulate employees’ emotions, including by means of prescribing, neutralizing, buffering, or normalizing them (cf. Ashforth and Humphrey, 1995). In the following, I will discuss work elements and features likely to increase the likelihood of employees feeling invigorated. Job-related resources. Hackman and Oldham (1980) have developed one of the most influential models explaining, inter alia, employee positive affective states by certain job features. The job characteristic model (Hackman and Oldham, 1980) posits that the higher the levels of five job characteristics, namely task autonomy, significance, feedback, identity and skill variety, the more pronounced the resultant psychological states which lead in turn to higher employee job satisfaction and performance. Empirical research has shown that the most powerful predictors of employee job satisfaction and performance were job autonomy and feedback (Fried and Ferris, 1989). Brousseau (1983) has argued that autonomous jobs, namely jobs that allow employees to formulate more elaborated work plans andpursue self-determined goals, would enhance feelings of personal efficacy and thereby enhance their feelings of cognitive liveliness. Group-level resources. Work groups tend to share emotions because of common socialization experiences and common organizational features, norms and regulations that govern the expression of emotions, task interdependence, and the phenomenon of emotional contagion (Brief and Weiss, 2002). It has been found that work teams characterized by mutual trust and high social support tend to be more cohesive and goal-directed, and that these qualities in turn lead to favorable employee morale and job-related well-being (Karasek and Theorell, 1990). Specifically, work group cohesion was found to predict vigor, measured as a mood state (Terry et al., 2000).Leadership style. There are indications in the literature that leaders who feel energetic are likely to energize their followers (cf. Brief and Weiss, 2002). Displaying vigor is probably expected from employees in managerial roles (e.g. Church and Waclawsk, 1998). In a similar vein, the leadership literature often makes the claim that transformational leaders often exhibit energizing emotions in order to arouse similar emotional states among their followers (Avolio, 1999). This literature suggests that intellectual stimulation, a component of transformational leadership which consists of encouraging followers to think creatively (Avolio, 1999), is likely to have a direct positive effect on cognitive liveliness, a component of vigor.Organizational resources. Employee participation in decision making has the potential to increase one’s exposure to many sources of information, enhance one’s being able to adjust more flexibly to the demands of diverse role partners, and enable one’s capability to develop cognitive skill such as finding creative solutions that integrate diverse viewpoints (Spector, 1986).Consequences of vigorJob performance and organizational effectiveness Existing research on positive affect has supported the view that both naturally occurring and induced positive affective states tend to facilitate flexible, effective problem solving and decision making (Baumann and Kuhl, 2005; Isen, 2001). A body of studies suggests that positive affective states are closely associated with more efficient cognitive processing of information and therefore have direct impact on the ability component of task performance (Isen, 2004). In addition, positive affective states have been found to antecede creativity in work organizations (James et al., 2004; Staw and Barsade, 1993). However, there has been relatively little consideration of the impact of vigor as an affective state on various individual- and organizational-relevant outcomes. The close relationship between vigor and motivation was noted in the introductory section. Recently, it has been shown that when the mental representation of a behavioral goal is associated with positive affects, it automatically signals to the person that the goal is desired and worth pursuing and therefore promotes motivational activity designed to accomplish the goal (Custers and Aarts, 2005). Vigor, like most other positive affects, facilitates goal-directed behavior (Carver and Scheier, 1990) or approach behavior (Fredrickson, 2002; Watson, 2002) and therefore could be expected to prompt individuals to engage with their job and work environment. Several studies have documented the role of positive emotions inpromoting performance (Huy, 1999; Rafaeli and Worline, 2001; Staw et al., 1994). Indeed, performance is interwoven with emotion in organizational life. Positive emotions have been linked to several performance-related behaviors, including enhanced creativity, more effective decision-making, sales-related prosocial behaviors, and the use of more successful negotiation strategies (Baron, 1990; Forgas, 1998; George, 1991; Staw and Barsade, 1993). While vigor is not specifically referred to in the above literature, I assume that the relationship between vigor and job performance will be positive, and that it is likely to be reciprocal rather than recursive. Physical and mental health Individuals’ level of vigor may be considered as an indicator of their optimal psychological functioning. The reason: many investigators defined the conceptual domain of health-related quality of life as including vigor. To illustrate, the operational definition of well-being by the World Health Organization (WHOQOL Group, 1994), used in their questionnaire, includes items like ‘I feel energetic’, ‘I feel active’, ‘I feel vigorous’, and ‘I wake up feeling fresh’, items used in part in the measure of vigor described elsewhere (Shirom, 2004). While vigor’s likely effects on mental well-being are straightforward, its effects on physical well-being are more complex (cf. Edwards and Cooper, 1988). One of the limitations regarding the body of knowledge on the effects of positive emotions on physical health is that while we know that these effects tend to be positive in sign, the nature of the physiological pathways linking these two entities are hardly understood (Ryff and Singer, 2002). It has been suggested that positive emotions change the levels of brain dopamine (Ashby et al., 1999), thereby simultaneously expanding cognitive functioning and regulating cardiovascular activity. Another possible physiological pathway is that linking positive emotions with improved immune function (e.g. Salovey et al., 2000a).
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Prediktor semangat: kepribadian Faktor
Kepribadian dan faktor fisiologis yang akan berdampak langsung semangat dan moderat hubungan dengan konsekuensinya. Saya berharap bahwa orang akan mengalami tingkat yang lebih tinggi dari kekuatan fisik daripada perempuan karena norma-norma yang berlaku terkait dengan peran gender maskulin menekankan kekuatan, kemandirian, dan kekebalan (Stanton et al., 2002). Literatur tentang pengaruh disposisional di negara afektif dapat menyebabkan harapan bahwa mereka yang tinggi pada sifat kepribadian extraversion (atau efektifitas positif) lebih mungkin untuk mengalami kekuatan relatif terhadap orang-orang yang tinggi pada sifat neurotisisme (lih Ringkas dan Weiss, 2002 ). prediktor-Work terkait semangat Karena berhubungan dengan pekerjaan negara afektif karyawan mencerminkan penilaian mereka on-the-job pengalaman mereka, organisasi tidak memiliki cara langsung memunculkan tanggapan afektif tertentu dalam karyawan mereka. Organisasi yang mencoba untuk mengatur emosi karyawan, termasuk dengan cara resep, menetralkan, buffering, atau normalisasi mereka (lih Ashforth dan Humphrey, 1995). Berikut ini, saya akan membahas elemen kerja dan fitur mungkin meningkatkan kemungkinan karyawan merasa segar kembali. Sumber-pekerjaan terkait. Hackman dan Oldham (1980) telah mengembangkan salah satu model paling berpengaruh menjelaskan, antara lain, karyawan negara afektif positif dengan fitur pekerjaan tertentu. Pekerjaan Model karakteristik (Hackman dan Oldham, 1980) berpendapat bahwa semakin tinggi tingkat lima karakteristik pekerjaan, yaitu tugas otonomi, signifikansi, umpan balik, identitas dan keterampilan variasi, semakin diucapkan keadaan psikologis yang dihasilkan yang menyebabkan pada gilirannya untuk kerja karyawan yang lebih tinggi kepuasan dan kinerja. Penelitian empiris telah menunjukkan bahwa prediktor yang paling kuat dari kepuasan kerja karyawan dan kinerja yang otonomi pekerjaan dan umpan balik (goreng dan Ferris, 1989). Brousseau (1983) berpendapat bahwa pekerjaan otonom, yaitu pekerjaan yang memungkinkan karyawan untuk merumuskan rencana kerja yang lebih diuraikan dan mengejar tujuan yang ditentukan sendiri, akan meningkatkan perasaan keberhasilan pribadi dan dengan demikian meningkatkan perasaan mereka keaktifan kognitif. Sumber Grup-tingkat. Kelompok Kerja cenderung untuk berbagi emosi karena pengalaman umum sosialisasi dan fitur organisasi umum, norma-norma dan peraturan yang mengatur ekspresi emosi, tugas saling ketergantungan, dan fenomena penularan emosi (Ringkas dan Weiss, 2002). Telah ditemukan bahwa tim kerja yang ditandai dengan saling percaya dan dukungan sosial yang tinggi cenderung lebih kohesif dan diarahkan pada tujuan, dan bahwa sifat-sifat ini pada gilirannya menyebabkan semangat kerja karyawan yang menguntungkan dan pekerjaan yang berhubungan dengan kesejahteraan (Karasek dan Theorell, 1990) . Secara khusus, kohesi kelompok kerja ditemukan untuk memprediksi kekuatan, diukur sebagai negara suasana hati (Terry dkk., 2000). Gaya kepemimpinan. Ada indikasi dalam literatur bahwa pemimpin yang merasa energik cenderung energi pengikut mereka (lih Ringkas dan Weiss, 2002). Menampilkan semangat mungkin diharapkan dari karyawan dalam peran manajerial (misalnya Gereja dan Waclawsk, 1998). Dalam nada yang sama, literatur kepemimpinan sering membuat klaim bahwa pemimpin transformasional sering menunjukkan emosi energi untuk membangkitkan emosi serupa di antara pengikutnya (Avolio, 1999). Literatur ini menunjukkan bahwa stimulasi intelektual, komponen kepemimpinan transformasional yang terdiri dari mendorong pengikutnya untuk berpikir kreatif (Avolio, 1999), cenderung memiliki efek positif langsung pada keaktifan kognitif, komponen semangat. Sumber Organisasi. Partisipasi karyawan dalam pengambilan pembuatan memiliki potensi untuk meningkatkan eksposur seseorang untuk banyak sumber informasi, meningkatkan satu yang mampu menyesuaikan lebih fleksibel dengan tuntutan mitra peran yang beragam, dan memungkinkan kemampuan seseorang untuk mengembangkan keterampilan kognitif seperti mencari solusi kreatif yang mengintegrasikan beragam sudut pandang (Spector, . 1986) Konsekuensi semangat kinerja kerja dan efektivitas organisasi penelitian yang ada di positif mempengaruhi telah mendukung pandangan bahwa kedua alami dan diinduksi negara afektif positif cenderung memfasilitasi pemecahan dan pengambilan keputusan (Baumann dan Kuhl, 2005 fleksibel, masalah yang efektif; Isen 2001 ). Sebuah badan penelitian menunjukkan bahwa negara afektif positif yang terkait erat dengan proses kognitif yang lebih efisien informasi dan karena itu memiliki dampak langsung pada komponen kemampuan kinerja tugas (Isen, 2004). Selain itu, negara-negara afektif positif telah ditemukan untuk antecede kreativitas dalam organisasi kerja (James et al, 2004;. Staw dan Barsade, 1993). Namun, telah ada relatif sedikit pertimbangan dampak semangat sebagai negara afektif pada berbagai hasil individu dan organisasi yang relevan. Hubungan erat antara semangat dan motivasi tercatat di bagian pengantar. Baru-baru ini, telah ditunjukkan bahwa ketika representasi mental dari tujuan perilaku berhubungan dengan mempengaruhi positif, maka secara otomatis sinyal kepada orang bahwa tujuan yang diinginkan dan layak mengejar dan karena itu mempromosikan kegiatan motivasi yang dirancang untuk mencapai tujuan (Custers dan Aarts, 2005). Vigor, seperti kebanyakan positif lainnya mempengaruhi, memfasilitasi perilaku yang diarahkan pada tujuan (Carver dan Scheier, 1990) atau perilaku pendekatan (Fredrickson, 2002; Watson, 2002) dan oleh karena itu bisa diharapkan untuk mendorong individu untuk terlibat dengan pekerjaan mereka dan lingkungan kerja. Beberapa penelitian telah mendokumentasikan peran emosi positif dalam mempromosikan kinerja (Huy, 1999; Rafaeli dan Worline, 2001; Staw et al, 1994.). Memang, kinerja terjalin dengan emosi dalam kehidupan organisasi. Emosi positif telah dikaitkan dengan beberapa perilaku yang berhubungan dengan kinerja, termasuk peningkatan kreativitas, lebih efektif pengambilan keputusan, perilaku prososial penjualan terkait, dan penggunaan strategi negosiasi lebih sukses (Baron, 1990; Forgas, 1998; George, 1991; Staw dan Barsade, 1993). Sementara kekuatan tidak secara khusus disebut dalam literatur di atas, saya berasumsi bahwa hubungan antara semangat dan prestasi kerja akan positif, dan bahwa itu adalah mungkin timbal balik daripada rekursif. Tingkat Individu kesehatan fisik dan mental 'semangat dapat dianggap sebagai indikator fungsi psikologis optimal. Alasannya: banyak peneliti mendefinisikan domain konseptual kualitas kesehatan yang berhubungan dengan kehidupan termasuk kekuatan. Untuk menggambarkan, definisi operasional kesejahteraan oleh Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia (WHOQOL Group, 1994), yang digunakan dalam kuesioner mereka, termasuk item seperti 'Saya merasa energik', 'saya merasa aktif', 'saya merasa kuat', dan ' Aku terbangun dengan perasaan segar ', item yang digunakan dalam bagian dalam ukuran kekuatan dijelaskan di tempat lain (Shirom, 2004). Sementara efek kemungkinan kekuatan pada mental kesejahteraan yang mudah, dampaknya pada kesejahteraan fisik yang lebih kompleks (lih Edwards dan Cooper, 1988). Salah satu keterbatasan mengenai tubuh pengetahuan tentang efek emosi positif pada kesehatan fisik adalah bahwa sementara kita tahu bahwa efek ini cenderung positif dalam tanda, sifat jalur fisiologis yang menghubungkan dua entitas ini hampir tidak dipahami (Ryff dan Singer 2002). Ia telah mengemukakan bahwa emosi positif mengubah tingkat dopamin otak (Ashby et al., 1999), sehingga secara bersamaan memperluas fungsi kognitif dan mengatur aktivitas kardiovaskular. Jalur fisiologis lain yang mungkin adalah bahwa menghubungkan emosi positif dengan meningkatkan fungsi kekebalan tubuh (misalnya Salovey et al., 2000a).


















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