Results (
Indonesian) 1:
[Copy]Copied!
Predictors of vigor: personality factorsPersonality and physiological factors are likely to impact directly vigor and moderate its relationships with its consequences. I expect that men would experience higher levels of physical vigor than women because the accepted norms associated with the masculine gender role emphasize strength, independence, and invulnerability (Stanton et al., 2002). The literature on dispositional influences on affective states may lead to the expectation that those high on the personality trait of extraversion (or positive affectivity) are more likely to experience vigor relative to those high on the trait of neuroticism (cf. Brief and Weiss, 2002).Work-related predictors of vigorBecause employees’ work-related affective states reflect their appraisals of their on-the-job experiences, organizations do not have a direct way of eliciting specific affective responses in their employees. Organizations do attempt to regulate employees’ emotions, including by means of prescribing, neutralizing, buffering, or normalizing them (cf. Ashforth and Humphrey, 1995). In the following, I will discuss work elements and features likely to increase the likelihood of employees feeling invigorated. Job-related resources. Hackman and Oldham (1980) have developed one of the most influential models explaining, inter alia, employee positive affective states by certain job features. The job characteristic model (Hackman and Oldham, 1980) posits that the higher the levels of five job characteristics, namely task autonomy, significance, feedback, identity and skill variety, the more pronounced the resultant psychological states which lead in turn to higher employee job satisfaction and performance. Empirical research has shown that the most powerful predictors of employee job satisfaction and performance were job autonomy and feedback (Fried and Ferris, 1989). Brousseau (1983) has argued that autonomous jobs, namely jobs that allow employees to formulate more elaborated work plans andpursue self-determined goals, would enhance feelings of personal efficacy and thereby enhance their feelings of cognitive liveliness. Group-level resources. Work groups tend to share emotions because of common socialization experiences and common organizational features, norms and regulations that govern the expression of emotions, task interdependence, and the phenomenon of emotional contagion (Brief and Weiss, 2002). It has been found that work teams characterized by mutual trust and high social support tend to be more cohesive and goal-directed, and that these qualities in turn lead to favorable employee morale and job-related well-being (Karasek and Theorell, 1990). Specifically, work group cohesion was found to predict vigor, measured as a mood state (Terry et al., 2000).Leadership style. There are indications in the literature that leaders who feel energetic are likely to energize their followers (cf. Brief and Weiss, 2002). Displaying vigor is probably expected from employees in managerial roles (e.g. Church and Waclawsk, 1998). In a similar vein, the leadership literature often makes the claim that transformational leaders often exhibit energizing emotions in order to arouse similar emotional states among their followers (Avolio, 1999). This literature suggests that intellectual stimulation, a component of transformational leadership which consists of encouraging followers to think creatively (Avolio, 1999), is likely to have a direct positive effect on cognitive liveliness, a component of vigor.Organizational resources. Employee participation in decision making has the potential to increase one’s exposure to many sources of information, enhance one’s being able to adjust more flexibly to the demands of diverse role partners, and enable one’s capability to develop cognitive skill such as finding creative solutions that integrate diverse viewpoints (Spector, 1986).Consequences of vigorJob performance and organizational effectiveness Existing research on positive affect has supported the view that both naturally occurring and induced positive affective states tend to facilitate flexible, effective problem solving and decision making (Baumann and Kuhl, 2005; Isen, 2001). A body of studies suggests that positive affective states are closely associated with more efficient cognitive processing of information and therefore have direct impact on the ability component of task performance (Isen, 2004). In addition, positive affective states have been found to antecede creativity in work organizations (James et al., 2004; Staw and Barsade, 1993). However, there has been relatively little consideration of the impact of vigor as an affective state on various individual- and organizational-relevant outcomes. The close relationship between vigor and motivation was noted in the introductory section. Recently, it has been shown that when the mental representation of a behavioral goal is associated with positive affects, it automatically signals to the person that the goal is desired and worth pursuing and therefore promotes motivational activity designed to accomplish the goal (Custers and Aarts, 2005). Vigor, like most other positive affects, facilitates goal-directed behavior (Carver and Scheier, 1990) or approach behavior (Fredrickson, 2002; Watson, 2002) and therefore could be expected to prompt individuals to engage with their job and work environment. Several studies have documented the role of positive emotions inpromoting performance (Huy, 1999; Rafaeli and Worline, 2001; Staw et al., 1994). Indeed, performance is interwoven with emotion in organizational life. Positive emotions have been linked to several performance-related behaviors, including enhanced creativity, more effective decision-making, sales-related prosocial behaviors, and the use of more successful negotiation strategies (Baron, 1990; Forgas, 1998; George, 1991; Staw and Barsade, 1993). While vigor is not specifically referred to in the above literature, I assume that the relationship between vigor and job performance will be positive, and that it is likely to be reciprocal rather than recursive. Physical and mental health Individuals’ level of vigor may be considered as an indicator of their optimal psychological functioning. The reason: many investigators defined the conceptual domain of health-related quality of life as including vigor. To illustrate, the operational definition of well-being by the World Health Organization (WHOQOL Group, 1994), used in their questionnaire, includes items like ‘I feel energetic’, ‘I feel active’, ‘I feel vigorous’, and ‘I wake up feeling fresh’, items used in part in the measure of vigor described elsewhere (Shirom, 2004). While vigor’s likely effects on mental well-being are straightforward, its effects on physical well-being are more complex (cf. Edwards and Cooper, 1988). One of the limitations regarding the body of knowledge on the effects of positive emotions on physical health is that while we know that these effects tend to be positive in sign, the nature of the physiological pathways linking these two entities are hardly understood (Ryff and Singer, 2002). It has been suggested that positive emotions change the levels of brain dopamine (Ashby et al., 1999), thereby simultaneously expanding cognitive functioning and regulating cardiovascular activity. Another possible physiological pathway is that linking positive emotions with improved immune function (e.g. Salovey et al., 2000a).
Being translated, please wait..
