TherThe High Court and the Court of Appeal had previously both held that end-users of Meltwater News did need a licence from the NLA because they were unable to rely on the temporary copies exception under art.5(1). When the case came before the Supreme Court, it was common ground that Meltwater’s customers required a licence to receive Meltwater News by email, but what was not agreed was whether Meltwater’s customers needed a licence if Meltwater News was made available only on Meltwater’s website and the end-users restricted themselves to viewing the article monitoring reports there. The NLA contended that this activity also required the authorisation of the copyright holders, insofar as viewing the website led to copies being made on the user’s computer screen (on-screen copies) and in the internet "cache" of that computer’s hard disk (cached copies). It*C.T.L.R. 170 contended that those copies constituted "reproductions" within the meaning of art.2 and that they did not come within the exemption provided for under art.5(1).