Obstetric Complications Predicting Future Developmentof Mental Disorde translation - Obstetric Complications Predicting Future Developmentof Mental Disorde Indonesian how to say

Obstetric Complications Predicting

Obstetric Complications Predicting Future Development
of Mental Disorders
Three complications predicted future development of
schizophrenia spectrum psychoses: placental abnormalities,
infections, and hypertension during pregnancy.
Placental abnormalities were common: 75.0% of HR
children who developed schizophrenia spectrum disorders,
42.2% of HR children with no mental disorder, and
48.3% of control offspring had some placental abnormality.
The rating of placental abnormalities was based on
1 item in the obstetric records where the midwife ticked
whether the placenta was normal, was incomplete, had
calcifications, had infarctions, or was lobular. Such findings
are common and nonspecific but might indicate that
the placental function was not optimal. In this regard,
the finding is consistent with previous studies linking
hypoxia-associated complications with increased risk of
schizophrenia.1,21 A recent study found a placental serotonin
synthetic pathway that provides serotonin to the
forebrain during the first and early second trimester,22
suggesting that the placenta has a unique role in fetal
brain development. Together, these results point out that
the possible role of the placenta in the development of
schizophrenia should be studied further.
Maternal infections during pregnancy that were coded
in the obstetric records were mostly bacterial infections,
such as urinary tract infections and pneumonia, with a
few cases of viral infections like influenza. While much of
the previous research on prenatal infections has focused
on viral infections,23 associations between schizophrenia
and any bacterial infection,24 upper urinary tract infection,
5 and respiratory infections25 during pregnancy have
been reported.
It has been suggested that prenatal infections increase
risk through stimulation of the cytokine response, which
would disrupt central nervous system development,26 and
this would explain why several infections seem to increase
the risk of schizophrenia. Maternal cytokine levels have
been measured from stored serum samples available
in birth cohort studies, and elevated cytokine levels in
mothers of offspring who developed schizophrenia have
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Obstetric Complications Predicting Future Developmentof Mental DisordersThree complications predicted future development ofschizophrenia spectrum psychoses: placental abnormalities,infections, and hypertension during pregnancy.Placental abnormalities were common: 75.0% of HRchildren who developed schizophrenia spectrum disorders,42.2% of HR children with no mental disorder, and48.3% of control offspring had some placental abnormality.The rating of placental abnormalities was based on1 item in the obstetric records where the midwife tickedwhether the placenta was normal, was incomplete, hadcalcifications, had infarctions, or was lobular. Such findingsare common and nonspecific but might indicate thatthe placental function was not optimal. In this regard,the finding is consistent with previous studies linkinghypoxia-associated complications with increased risk ofschizophrenia.1,21 A recent study found a placental serotoninsynthetic pathway that provides serotonin to theforebrain during the first and early second trimester,22suggesting that the placenta has a unique role in fetalbrain development. Together, these results point out thatthe possible role of the placenta in the development ofschizophrenia should be studied further.Maternal infections during pregnancy that were codedin the obstetric records were mostly bacterial infections,such as urinary tract infections and pneumonia, with afew cases of viral infections like influenza. While much ofthe previous research on prenatal infections has focusedon viral infections,23 associations between schizophreniaand any bacterial infection,24 upper urinary tract infection,5 and respiratory infections25 during pregnancy havebeen reported.It has been suggested that prenatal infections increaserisk through stimulation of the cytokine response, whichwould disrupt central nervous system development,26 andthis would explain why several infections seem to increasethe risk of schizophrenia. Maternal cytokine levels havebeen measured from stored serum samples availablein birth cohort studies, and elevated cytokine levels inmothers of offspring who developed schizophrenia have
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Komplikasi obstetrik Memprediksi Masa Depan Pengembangan
Gangguan Mental
Tiga komplikasi diprediksi pembangunan masa depan
psikosis skizofrenia spektrum: kelainan plasenta,
infeksi, dan hipertensi selama kehamilan.
Kelainan plasenta yang umum: 75,0% dari HR
anak yang mengembangkan gangguan spektrum skizofrenia,
42,2% anak HR dengan tidak ada gangguan jiwa, dan
48,3% dari kontrol keturunan memiliki beberapa kelainan plasenta.
Penilaian kelainan plasenta didasarkan pada
1 item dalam catatan kebidanan di mana bidan berdetak
apakah plasenta normal, tidak lengkap, memiliki
kalsifikasi, memiliki infark, atau itu lobular. Temuan tersebut
adalah umum dan tidak spesifik tetapi mungkin menunjukkan bahwa
fungsi plasenta tidak optimal. Dalam hal ini,
temuan ini konsisten dengan penelitian sebelumnya yang menghubungkan
komplikasi hipoksia terkait dengan peningkatan risiko
schizophrenia.1,21 Sebuah penelitian baru menemukan serotonin plasenta
jalur sintetis yang menyediakan serotonin ke
otak depan selama trimester kedua pertama dan awal, 22
menunjukkan bahwa plasenta memiliki peran unik dalam janin
perkembangan otak. Bersama-sama, hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa
kemungkinan peran plasenta dalam pengembangan
skizofrenia harus dikaji lebih lanjut.
Infeksi ibu selama kehamilan yang dikodekan
dalam catatan kebidanan adalah infeksi sebagian besar bakteri,
seperti infeksi saluran kemih dan pneumonia, dengan
beberapa kasus infeksi virus seperti influenza. Sementara banyak
penelitian sebelumnya pada infeksi prenatal telah difokuskan
pada infeksi virus, 23 asosiasi antara skizofrenia
dan infeksi bakteri, 24 infeksi saluran kemih atas,
5 dan infections25 pernapasan selama kehamilan telah
dilaporkan.
Ia telah mengemukakan bahwa infeksi prenatal meningkatkan
risiko melalui stimulasi respon sitokin, yang
akan mengganggu perkembangan sistem saraf pusat, 26 dan
ini akan menjelaskan mengapa beberapa infeksi tampaknya meningkatkan
risiko skizofrenia. Tingkat sitokin ibu telah
diukur dari sampel serum disimpan tersedia
dalam studi kelompok kelahiran, dan tingkat sitokin meningkat pada
ibu dari anak yang mengembangkan skizofrenia memiliki
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